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5 Compositional Classification of Mexican Majolica Ceramics of the Spanish Downloaded by CORNELL UNIV on July 27, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: July 1, 1989 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1988-0220.ch005
Colonial Period Jacqueline S. O l i n and M. James Blackman Conservation Analytical Laboratory, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D C 20560
This chapter is an attempt to refine the classification of Mexican majolica ceramics from Spanish Colonial sites by using chemical data obtained by neutron activation analysis. The ceramics examined came primarily from excavations in Mexico City and from the Santa Catalina de Guale Mission site, St. Catherines Island, GA. The majolica types from these sites are both Spanish and Mexican and date from the 16th to the late 17th century. A rationale for the chemical classification of Mexico City and Puebla production is proposed.
EXCAVATIONS AT THE SPANISHI-NDIAN SITE OF FIG SPRINGS
in Northern F l o r i d a i n 1949 y i e l d e d a c o m p l e x of majolica ceramics u n l i k e those p r e v i ously k n o w n f r o m other F l o r i d a sites. T h e archaeologist, J . M . G o g g i n , c a r r i e d out a d e t a i l e d examination of the available majolica ceramics from late 15th- to 18th-century contexts a n d p u b l i s h e d an extensive typology for these ceramics (J). O n typological a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n a l e v i d e n c e , G o g g i n r e c o g n i z e d a S p a n i s h a n d a M e x i c a n p r o d u c t i o n a n d made a tentative attempt to s u b d i v i d e specific M e x i c a n majolica types into productions at M e x i c o C i t y , P u e b l a , or elsewhere i n M e x i c o . L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (2) f u r t h e r refined the majolica typology for the 16thc e n t u r y varieties. T h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n was based o n the study of majolica ceramics f o u n d b e l o w a floor sealed i n 1573 at the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l excavation site along w i t h other ceramics from less w e l l - d e f i n e d stratigraphie contexts at the Sagrario excavations i n M e x i c o C i t y . O n the basis of this 0065-2393/89/0220-0087$07.50/0 © 1989 A m e r i c a n C h e m i c a l S o c i e t y
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study, they i d e n t i f i e d n e w majolica varieties, suggested revisions i n the n o m e n c l a t u r e of G o g g i n , a n d established a tentative chronology for the deposits b e n e a t h the C a t h e d r a l a n d Sagrario. T h e L i s t e r s a t t r i b u t e d some majolica varieties to P u e b l a a n d argued that M e x i c o C i t y was the o r i g i n for others. I n the i n i t i a l c h e m i c a l studies of majolica ceramics, O l i n et al. (3) sought to establish, o n a c o m p o s i t i o n a l basis, the S p a n i s h a n d M e x i c a n p r o d u c t i o n s of majolica f r o m excavations i n the C a r i b b e a n , V e n e z u e l a , a n d M e x i c o . T h e research d o c u m e n t e d the c h e m i c a l differences b e t w e e n the two p r o d u c t i o n areas a n d s h o w e d that they c o u l d be r e a d i l y differentiated o n the basis of the c e r i u m , t h o r i u m , a n d l a n t h a n u m concentrations. M a g g e t t i et a l . (4) further d e m o n s t r a t e d that the Spanish a n d M e x i c a n productions c o u l d also be d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y t h i n - s e c t i o n petrography. M a g g e t t i et a l . s h o w e d that although the S p a n i s h p r o d u c t i o n was characterized b y inclusions of s e d i m e n t a r y o r i g i n ( p r e d o m i n a n t l y quartz), the M e x i c a n p r o d u c t i o n was c h a r acterized b y inclusions of a volcanic o r i g i n . N e u t r o n activation a n d pétrographie analysis of late m e d i e v a l S p a n i s h pottery from the major S p a n i s h p r o d u c t i o n centers of S e v i l l e , G r a n a d a , P a t e r n a - M anises, B a r c e l o n a , a n d Talavera-Puente a l l o w e d progress to be made i n u n i q u e l y c h a r a c t e r i z i n g these p r o d u c t i o n centers ( 5 - 7 ) . Efforts to identify different M e x i c a n majolica productions petrographically have b e e n unsuccessful, a n d an attempt at c h e m i c a l characterization b y d i r e c t l y c o u p l e d p l a s m a - o p t i c a l e m i s s i o n spectroscopy was later d e t e r m i n e d to have b e e n flawed b y p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h the dissolution of the c e r a m i c samples (4). T h i s chapter reports the results of research o n c h e m i c a l characterization of different p r o d u c t i o n sites i n M e x i c o b y i n s t r u m e n t a l n e u t r o n activation analysis ( I N A A ) . T h e integration of the typological information of G o g g i n (J) a n d L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (3) w i t h c h e m i c a l characterization data forms the basis for e x a m i n i n g 16th-century c e r a m i c samples from the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l , M e x i c o C i t y ; 16th- a n d 17th-century ceramic samples from Santa C a talina de G u a l e M i s s i o n site o n St. C a t h e r i n e s Island, G A ; a n d m o d e r n majolica samples f r o m P u e b l a , M e x i c o . W e w i l l show that the p r o p o s e d M e x i c o C i t y a n d P u e b l a productions can be d i s t i n g u i s h e d c h e m i c a l l y a n d , i n a d d i t i o n , that t e m p o r a l a n d spatial differences appear i n the P u e b l a p r o duction.
History of Mexican Majolica
Production
T h e p r o d u c t i o n of majolica ceramics i n M e x i c o d u r i n g the 16th c e n t u r y is b e l i e v e d to have taken place i n b o t h M e x i c o C i t y and i n P u e b l a . M u c h of the e v i d e n c e for M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n consists of the ceramics f r o m excavations at the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l site.
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D o c u m e n t a r y i n f o r m a t i o n available from 16th-century archives c o n c e r n i n g potters i n M e x i c o C i t y is exceedingly sparse a n d inferential. T h e early colonial roadways i n M e x i c o C i t y f r e q u e n t l y bore the names of the particular crafts located along t h e m , b u t there is no k n o w n 16th-century street name r e f e r r i n g i n any way to the p o t t e r y - m a k i n g process. O n the basis of d o c u m e n t a r y e v i d e n c e f r o m later centuries, the most p r o b a b l e l o cation of the c o l o n i a l potteries is b e l i e v e d to be west of the center of the city (8), a l t h o u g h no colonial k i l n s or workshops have as yet b e e n i d e n t i f i e d in this area. H i s t o r i c a l d o c u m e n t s do, h o w e v e r , r e c o r d dates for the construction of the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l , the floor of w h i c h was l a i d i n 1573, sealing u n d e r n e a t h deposits of the first 50 years of colonial occupation a n d the earlier P r e - C o l o m b i a n p e r i o d . D u r i n g the installation of support pylons at the c a t h e d r a l i n 1975 a n d 1976, 182 pits w e r e sunk t h r o u g h the floor, a l l o w i n g excavation a n d s a m p l i n g of the early colonial deposits. M a j o l i c a ceramics f r o m these excavations assigned to n o n - S p a n i s h types are assumed to b e f r o m a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n . D e s p i t e the lack of m o r e d e t a i l e d inform a t i o n , the c l a i m is made (2) that, as M e x i c o C i t y was the most i m p o r t a n t city of N e w S p a i n for the e n t i r e 16th c e n t u r y , the earliest demands of the market for better dishes m u s t have b e e n m e t b y local craftsmen. T h e date of the b e g i n n i n g of majolica p r o d u c t i o n at P u e b l a is u n c e r t a i n . P u e b l a is w e l l - k n o w n as the l e a d i n g center for the manufacture of fine-grade majolica ceramics d u r i n g the 17th a n d 18th centuries, a n d L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (2) cite two references that describe potters i n P u e b l a b y the 1580s (9, JO). A c t u a l p r o d u c t i o n c o u l d , therefore, have b e g u n d u r i n g or somewhat before the 1580s. T h e r e are, h o w e v e r , few majolica sherds from c o n t r o l l e d excavations i n P u e b l a that are dated finely e n o u g h to establish the advent of p r o d u c t i o n (11, 12). M o r e is k n o w n historically about the Spanish trade a n d s u p p l y i n the early colonial p e r i o d . B e t w e e n 1564 a n d 1566, the S p a n i s h established a pattern for s h i p p i n g that i n v o l v e d two t r a d i n g fleets. D u r i n g this p e r i o d , one fleet, the T i e r r a F i r m e flota, left S p a i n h e a d e d for Porto B e l l o , P a n a m a , and the other, the N e w S p a i n flota, was d e s t i n e d for the p o r t of V e r a c r u z , M e x i c o . T h e N e w S p a i n flota d r o p p e d off ships h e a d e d for San J u a n , P u e r t o R i c o ; Santo D o m i n g o , D o m i n i c a n R e p u b l i c ; various ports i n C u b a ; other C a r i b b e a n islands; a n d the C e n t r a l A m e r i c a n m a i n l a n d (13). Supplies a n d trade goods from S p a i n most p r o b a b l y reached early missions o n the N o r t h A m e r i c a n m a i n l a n d t h r o u g h this fleet, possibly v i a C u b a or P u e r t o R i c o . Scattered records a n d w i d e s p r e a d archaeological finds (mostly majolica) i n dicate that a flourishing trade existed i n ceramics m a n u f a c t u r e d i n M e x i c o . T h e research for this chapter was u n d e r t a k e n i n an effort to explore this early trade i n M e x i c a n - m a d e majolica. T h e identification of the major p r o d u c t i o n sites a n d the date that p r o d u c t i o n began is critical to the study. It
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is, therefore, i m p o r t a n t to b e g i n w i t h the ceramic typology for 1 6 t h - a n d 17th-century M e x i c a n majolica a n d to test its consistency a n d provenance attributions b y c h e m i c a l characterization. T o this e n d , majolica from the sealed 16th-century context at the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l i n M e x i c o C i t y a n d 1 6 t h - a n d 17th-century majolica from the m i s s i o n context at Santa C a talina de G u a l e , St. C a t h e r i n e s I s l a n d , G A w e r e e x a m i n e d .
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Source and Typology of the Majolica Samples F o l l o w i n g the N o r t h A m e r i c a n p r o c e d u r e i n use at that t i m e , the majolica types d e s c r i b e d b y G o g g i n w e r e g i v e n b i n o m i a l designations. T h e first n a m e is geographical, taken f r o m a n early find's locality o r the assumed site o f p r o d u c t i o n , a n d the second name is d e s c r i p t i v e . T h e typology, as d e v e l o p e d b y G o g g i n a n d r e v i s e d b y L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r , includes such characteristics as f o r m , surface finish a n d decoration, a n d paste a n d glaze d e s c r i p t i o n . T h e 16th-century majolica samples c a m e f r o m excavations at the M e t ropolitan C a t h e d r a l i n M e x i c o C i t y a n d can be assigned to a date before 1573. O t h e r ceramics from excavations i n M e x i c o C i t y at the Sagrario a n d the M e t r o can not b e so closely dated. T h e types of ceramics i n c l u d e M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e , F i g Springs/San Juan Polychrome, Sevilla W h i t e , and C o l u m b i a G u n Metal. Before 1982, M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e , an u n d e c o r a t e d , w h i t e glazed w a r e , was i n c l u d e d w i t h the s i m i l a r type of S p a n i s h ware c a l l e d C o l u m b i a P l a i n . S u b s e q u e n t réévaluation of the typology b y L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (2) r e s u l t e d i n the splitting of the type into the Spanish w a r e - C o l u m b i a P l a i n a n d M e x i c a n w a r e - M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e . Mexico C i t y W h i t e , attributed by Lister and Lister to a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n (2), is the most c o m m o n M e x i c a n type from the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l a n d Sagrario excavations. I N A A analysis of 11 " C o l u m b i a P l a i n " sherds at B r o o k h a v e n N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y (3) s h o w e d that n i n e w e r e of M e x i c a n o r i g i n a n d two d i d not m a t c h the c o m p o s i t i o n of the M e x i c a n sherds. T h e s e two sherds w e r e later classified as S e v i l l a W h i t e (2), a t h i r d type of w h i t e glazed w a r e of 16th-century S p a n i s h o r i g i n (4). C o l u m b i a G u n M e t a l is a variant of C o l u m b i a P l a i n w i t h a d a r k e n e d , rather than w h i t e , glaze that varies from dense iridescent black to s p e c k l e d grey. T h i s w a r e is a t t r i b u t e d to a S p a n i s h p r o d u c t i o n . F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e majolica is p a i n t e d i n b l u e a n d y e l l o w (and/or orange) o n a c r e a m to g r a y - w h i t e b a c k g r o u n d a n d is the most a b u n dant decorated fine w a r e i n the excavations. It is a t t r i b u t e d to a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n b y L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (2), a l t h o u g h , G o g g i n (J) stated that i t is possible these ceramics w e r e m a n u f a c t u r e d i n P u e b l a . T h e presence of M e x ican p r o d u c t i o n types a m o n g these excavated materials a l l o w e d the i n c l u s i o n of u n a m b i g u o u s 16th-century majolica of M e x i c a n p r o d u c t i o n i n this study. T o e x t e n d the sample of M e x i c a n - a t t r i b u t e d majolica into the 17th c e n t u r y , samples w e r e o b t a i n e d from sherds from the S p a n i s h m i s s i o n site of
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Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e , o n St. C a t h e r i n e s I s l a n d , G A . T h e site is b e l i e v e d to have b e e n an i m p o r t a n t G u a l e I n d i a n t o w n b y 1576 a n d to have b e e n a b a n d o n e d i n the early 1680s (14). T h e G u a l e Indians of the southeastern coast w e r e a m o n g the first indigenous peoples m e t b y E u r o p e a n explorers o n the N o r t h A m e r i c a n continent. I n 1587, St. C a t h e r i n e s Island b e c a m e the p r i n c i p a l n o r t h e r n S p a n i s h outpost o n the A t l a n t i c coast. T h e sherds from St. C a t h e r i n e s Island i n c l u d e types a t t r i b u t e d to b o t h Spanish a n d M e x i c a n productions. T h e M e x i c a n types i n c l u d e d F i g S p r i n g s / San J u a n P o l y c h r o m e , San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e , A u c i l l a P o l y c h r o m e , M t . Royal Polychrome, and Puebla Polychrome. The F i g Springs/San Juan P o l y c h r o m e has already b e e n d e s c r i b e d a n d sherds are shown i n F i g u r e 1. San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e is decorated i n b l u e , a n d rarely w i t h some y e l l o w or black, o n an off-white b a c k g r o u n d . G o g g i n r e c o g n i z e d two paste variants based o n color: a r e d d i s h a n d a cream paste. H e stated that the r e d d i s h paste variant is s i m i l a r to F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e paste a n d b o t h may have b e e n made i n the same center. H e p r o p o s e d a M e x i c o C i t y o r i g i n for the r e d d i s h paste variant a n d a P u e b l a o r i g i n for the cream paste variant. T h i s proposal conflicts w i t h the proposal m a d e earlier b y G o g g i n (J): that F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e may have b e e n p r o d u c e d i n P u e b l a .
Figure 1. Fig Springs/San Juan Polychrome sherds from the Santa Catalina de Gaule Mission on St. Catherines Island, GA. Top row (left to right): SCI017, SCI037, SCI047; middle row: SCI009, SCI024, SCI018; bottom row: SCI031, SCI036.
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T h e L i s t e r s c o n s i d e r e d a l l San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e to be of M e x i c o C i t y manufacture. T h e San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e sherds f r o m Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e are s h o w n i n F i g u r e 2. A u c i l l a P o l y c h r o m e is decorated i n black, y e l l o w (or orange), a n d g r e e n o n a c r e a m b a c k g r o u n d . T h i s type is thought to be a 17th-century p r o d u c t i o n , a t t r i b u t e d to an u n k n o w n place of m a n u facture i n M e x i c o . M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e is decorated w i t h b r o w n l i n e s , y e l l o w bands, a n d b l u e dots a n d designs o n a c r e a m b a c k g r o u n d . G o g g i n assigned this t y p e to the m i d - 1 7 t h c e n t u r y a n d to an u n k n o w n m a n u f a c t u r i n g site i n S p a i n . T h e A u c i l l a a n d M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e sherds are s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3. P u e b l a P o l y c h r o m e is decorated i n b l u e a n d black (rarely w i t h other colors) o n a w h i t e b a c k g r o u n d . It is assigned a late 17th-century date a n d a t t r i b u t e d to P u e b l a . S e v e r a l k n o w n a n d a t t r i b u t e d S p a n i s h w a r e types w e r e also e x a m i n e d from the St. C a t h e r i n e s I s l a n d c e r a m i c corpus. T h e s e types i n c l u d e d C o l u m b i a P l a i n , Yayal B l u e - o n - W h i t e , Santo D o m i n g o B l u e - o n - W h i t e , I c h -
Figure 2. San Luis Blue-on-White sherds from the Santa Catalina de Guale Mission on St. Catherines Island, GA. Top row (left to right): SCI082, SCI027, SCI010, SCI076; second row: SCI069, SCI027, SCI041, SCI083; third row: SCI063, SCI048, SCI060, SC1073; fourth row: SCI059, SCI039; bottom row: SCI052, SCI075, SCI042.
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Figure 3. Aucilla and Mt. Royal Polychrome sherds from the Santa de Gaule Mission on St. Catherines Island, GA. Top row (left to right): SCI008, SCI080, SCI045; second row: SCI077, SCI055, SCI070, SCI050; third row: SCI044, SCI058, SCI078, SCI072; bottom row: SCI028, SCI030, SCI081.
Catalina SCI038, SCI057, SCI074,
t u c k n e e B l u e - o n - W h i t e , Iehtucknee B l u e - o n - B l u e , a n d Santa E l e n a M o t t l e d B l u e - o n - W h i t e . Iehtucknee B l u e - o n - B l u e has b e e n r e c o n s i d e r e d b y the L i s t ers, a n d an Italian a n d a S p a n i s h variant have b e e n p r o p o s e d . T h e y have chosen to n a m e the p r o p o s e d S p a n i s h variant " S e v i l l a B l u e - o n - B l u e " a n d to consider its m a n u f a c t u r i n g site to be i n the A n d a l u s i a n r e g i o n of S p a i n . A single s h e r d , i d e n t i f i e d as Santa E l e n a M o t t l e d B l u e - o n - W h i t e was i n c l u d e d in the sample from St. C a t h e r i n e s Island. T h i s type was d e s c r i b e d b y S o u t h (15), w h o c o n s i d e r e d it to b e a S p a n i s h prototype for a s i m i l a r red-paste ware from M e x i c o C i t y . The c e r a m i c samples selected for discussion i n this chapter are those of M e x i c a n p r o d u c t i o n . A s r e p o r t e d b y M a g g e t t i et a l . (5), the M e x i c a n majolica p r o d u c t i o n i n c l u d e s b o t h calcareous a n d noncalcareous paste c o m positions. T h i s chapter w i l l focus on the calcareous M e x i c a n majolica. T h e f o l l o w i n g ware types w e r e selected to examine questions of the assignation
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to M e x i c o C i t y or P u e b l a productions a n d to d e t e r m i n e i f c h e m i c a l classi fication
u s i n g n e u t r o n activation analysis data was possible:
• Mexico City White • F i g Springs/San Juan Polychrome • San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e • Aucilla Polychrome
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• M t . Royal Polychrome I n a d d i t i o n to the archaeological material, majolica sherds w e r e o b t a i n e d from two m o d e r n factories i n P u e b l a : L a T r i n i d a d a n d Santa M a r i a . B o t h of these potteries use a clay b o d y b l e n d e d f r o m a m i x t u r e of e q u a l amounts of a black volcanic clay a n d a w h i t e m a r l o b t a i n e d from the i m m e d i a t e area a r o u n d P u e b l a (4). Samples f r o m these sherds w e r e a n a l y z e d b y n e u t r o n activation analysis a n d the data u s e d to represent a P u e b l a c o m p o s i t i o n .
Experimental Methods and Results T h e data discussed i n this chapter i n c l u d e the results of i n s t r u m e n t a l n e u t r o n activation analysis c o n d u c t e d at two different laboratories. T h e analyses of the Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e M i s s i o n samples, most of the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l samples, a n d the m o d e r n P u e b l a samples w e r e c o n d u c t e d at the N a t i o n a l B u r e a u of Standards reactor b y u s i n g procedures d e s c r i b e d b y B l a c k m a n (16) a n d i n T a b l e I. T h e r e m a i n d e r of the samples w e r e a n a l y z e d at B r o o k h a v e n N a t i o n a l Laboratories ( B N L ) , a n d r e p o r t e d i n O l i n et a l . (3). Because different comparator standards w e r e used i n the two laboratories, all the B N L data w e r e n o r m a l i z e d to the S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n standard a c c o r d i n g to the p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d b y B l a c k m a n (17). T h e c o n v e r s i o n factors are p r e s e n t e d i n Table I. T h e data for a l l of the samples are p r e s e n t e d i n appendixes to this chapter. A p p e n d i x A includes samples from excavations i n M e x i c o C i t y at the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l (SC 16, S C 20, S C 22, S C 29, S C 3 1 , S C 37, a n d S C 38); the Sagrario (all other samples designated S C ) ; a n d f r o m the M e t r o excavations (designated S A ) . A p p e n d i x Β includes a l l the samples from Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e (designated S C I ) . A p p e n d i x C contains the data for the m o d e r n majolica samples from P u e b l a (designated S D ) . T h e data w e r e i n i t i a l l y screened to separate S p a n i s h a n d M e x i c a n p r o ductions. T h e ceramics typologically classified as Spanish h a d c e r i u m , t h o r i u m , a n d l a n t h a n u m concentrations consistent w i t h p r o d u c t i o n i n S p a i n (3). T h e s e types i n c l u d e d C o l u m b i a P l a i n , C o l u m b i a G u n M e t a l , S e v i l l a W h i t e , Yayal B l u e o n W h i t e , Santo D o m i n g o B l u e - o n - W h i t e , Iehtucknee B l u e - o n W h i t e , Iehtucknee B l u e - o n - B l u e , a n d Santa E l e n a M o t t l e d B l u e - o n - W h i t e .
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
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Table I. I N A A Experimental Parameters
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Element
Nuclide
Na Κ Ca Sc Cr Fe
Na-24 K-42 Ca-47 Sc-46 Cr-51 Fe-58
Co
Co-60
Zn As Br Rb Sr Zr Sb Cs Ba La Ce Nd Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U W
Zn-65 As-76 Br-82 Rb-86 Sr-85 Zr-95 Sb-122 Cs-134 Ba-131 La-140 Ce-141 Nd-147 Sm-153 Eu-152 Tb-160 Yb-175 Lu-177 Hf-181 Ta-182 Pa-233 Np-239 W-187
a
Gamma Ray Energy (keV)
Cone, in Standard SRM 1633°
Analytical Precision SRM 679
BNL to SI Conversion Factors
Count?
1369 1525 1297 889 320 1099, 1292 1173, 1333 1115 559 554 1077 514 757 564 796 496 1596 145 91 103 1408 879 396 208 482 1221 312 106 686
0.32 1.61 4.70 27.0 131.0 6.20
1 1 1 2 2 2
2.3% 8.2%
1.037
1.4% 3.1% 2.9%
0.893 0.992 0.972
41.5
2
1.5%
1.036
213.0 61.0 8.6 125.0 1700.0 301.0 6.9 8.6 2700.0 82.0 146.0 64.0 12.9 2.5 1.9 6.4 1.0 7.9 1.8 24.8 11.6 5.5
2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
3.5% 6.0% 9.1%
9.9% 2.7% 13.2% 1.4% 1.8% 1.6% 2.2% 12.9% 4.8% 6.7% 3.5% 7.0% 2.2% 15.9%
1.160
L009 1.095 0.961 0.983 0.824 1.023 0.835 1.213 0.821 0.992
Na, K, Ca, and Fe results are given in percents; all others are in parts per million. Count 1: 1 h after a 5-day decay; count 2: 2 h after a 30-day decay.
fe
D a t a for these types are p r e s e n t e d i n A p p e n d i x e s A , B , a n d C . T h r e e St. C a t h e r i n e s Island samples ( S C I 0 4 2 , S C I 0 5 2 , and S C I 0 7 5 i n A p p e n d i x B ) , typologically classified w i t h the San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e , a M e x i c a n p r o d u c t i o n , w e r e c h e m i c a l l y classified as Spanish. C l o s e examination of these sherds ( F i g u r e 2) shows v i s i b l e distinctions suggesting that these m a y be examples of a S p a n i s h variant discussed b y L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (18). To investigate the question of w h e t h e r the majolica ceramics p r o d u c e d in M e x i c o d u r i n g the 16th a n d 17th centuries c o u l d be assigned to a p r o p o s e d M e x i c o C i t y or P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n , the majolica w i t h a M e x i c a n c o m p o s i t i o n and n i n e m o d e r n P u e b l a samples were subjected to cluster analysis. T h e h i e r a r c h i c a l aggregative c l u s t e r i n g p r o g r a m A G C L U S (19) u s e d "average-
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l i n k " c l u s t e r i n g o n a m e a n - E u c l i d e a n - d i s t a n c e m a t r i x for the elements Se, C r , a n d F e , a n d separated the ceramics f r o m M e x i c o already discussed, into two large clusters ( F i g u r e 4). T h e u p p e r cluster, G r o u p A i n F i g u r e 4, c o n t a i n e d a l l the late 16th- a n d 17th-century Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e s a m ples, 11 of the 14 F i g Springs / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e samples f r o m the M e x i c o C i t y excavations, a n d the n i n e m o d e r n P u e b l a samples. T h e l o w e r cluster, G r o u p Β i n F i g u r e 4, c o n t a i n e d o n l y samples of 16th c e n t u r y context from the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l a n d Sagrario excavations i n M e x i c o C i t y , i n c l u d i n g a l l the M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e , the M e x i c a n copies o f C o l u m b i a P l a i n , a n d three F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e samples. T h e v a l i d i t y o f these c o m p o s i t i o n a l groups was tested statistically b y u s i n g M a h a l a n o b i s distance a n d H o t e l l i n g T statistic. I n the c o m p o s i t i o n a l group A , four F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e samples ( S C I 0 0 9 , S C I 0 3 7 , S C I 0 4 7 , a n d S C 44) a n d one San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e sample (SCI076) of the 54 samples w e r e e x c l u d e d at the 9 9 % confidence i n t e r v a l . I n the c o m positional g r o u p B , three samples o f M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e ( S C 13, S C 20, a n d S C 24) w e r e e x c l u d e d at the 9 9 % confidence l e v e l . T h e s e three samples w e r e also outliers i n the cluster analysis ( F i g u r e 4). W i t h these samples e l i m i n a t e d , the r e f o r m e d c o m p o s i t i o n a l groups w e r e tested against each other. I n d i v i d u a l m e m b e r s of each group d i s p l a y e d less t h a n a 1% p r o b a b i l i t y o f m e m b e r s h i p i n the other group. T h e t w o clusters, therefore, represent distinct a n d statistically verifiable c h e m i c a l composition groups.
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2
T h e means, standard deviations, a n d 9 5 % confidence intervals for 22 elements i n these two c o m p o s i t i o n a l groups a n d the m o d e r n P u e b l a samples are p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I I . T h e two c o m p o s i t i o n a l groups are v i r t u a l l y i d e n tical at the 9 5 % confidence i n t e r v a l for a l l elements except Sc, C r , a n d F e . P r i m a r i l y the elevated C r values i n the c o m p o s i t i o n g r o u p A p r o v i d e the d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . F i g u r e 5 is a p l o t of C r vs. F e concentrations. T h e p l o t shows the separation of the two groups. T h e m o d e r n P u e b l a majolica samples (represented b y the crosses) fall w e l l w i t h i n the 9 5 % p r o b a b i l i t y e l l i p s e o f the c o m p o s i t i o n a l g r o u p A . O n the basis o f the association o f m o d e r n P u e b l a majolica w i t h the late 16th- to 17th-century majolica samples from the G u a l e M i s s i o n site i n group A , w e propose that this c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n a l g r o u p represents the p r o d u c t i o n o f P u e b l a . T h e c e r a m i c types that can b e a t t r i b u t e d to the p r o p o s e d P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n i n c l u d e A u c i l l a P o l y c h r o m e , M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e , San Luis B l u e - o n - W h i t e , F i g Springs/San Juan Polychrome, Puebla Polychrome, a n d P u e b l a B l u e - o n - W h i t e . T h e association, i n g r o u p B , of o n l y samples from the Sagrario a n d the sealed 1573 C a t h e d r a l sites i n M e x i c o C i t y a n d L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r ' s a t t r i b u t i o n o f the c e r a m i c types ( p r i m a r i l y M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e a n d M e x i c o C i t y copies of C o l u m b i a Plain) to M e x i c o C i t y , p r o v i d e s a basis for p r o p o s i n g a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n for this c o m p o s i t i o n a l group. I n contrast to the P u e b l a c o m p o s i t i o n g r o u p , there is no i n d e p e n d e n t e v i d e n c e for a M e x i c o C i t y o r i g i n a n d c o n f i r m a t i o n m u s t await further research.
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
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Mexican Majolica Ceramics
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5.
Figure 4. Dendrogram obtained by using the cluster analysis program, AGCLUS, for chromium, scandium, and iron values for majolica samples with Mexican chemical composition. Dendrogram shows two major groups, A and B, that are the proposed Puebla and Mexico City groups, respectively.
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
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Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
1.29
1.26
14.0
9.5
54.3
Na
K
Ca
Se
Cr
57.5
Rb
Sr
75.6
Zn
0.080
e
2.71
Fe
a
Mean
Element
e
12.6
19.8
30.0
9.4
10.8
10.1
25.2
22.5
Std Dev (%) 19.6 1.82 0.76 1.85 0.67 21.4 6.5 11.4 7.5 66.6 42.1 3.24 2.17 124.0 27.3 81.2 33.8 0.102 0.059
95% Confidence Interval
Mexico City Production
0.055
51.3
69.7
3.57
98.3
12.7
9.8
0.77
1.40
Mean
24.5
18.5
13.2
8.7
14.0
5.8
35.7
34.4
20.0
Std Dev (%) 1.96 0.84 1.30 0.24 16.8 2.8 14.2 11.2 126.0 70.6 4.19 2.94 88.1 51.3 70.4 32.3 0.083 0.028
95% Confidence Interval
Puebla Production
0.028
58.1
76.5
3.45
94.5
12.0
12.7
0.63
1.15
Mean
8.3
14.0
7.0
9.8
11.5
8.1
6.5
21.6
Std Dev (%) 4.5
1.27 1.03 1.07 0.20 14.6 10.7 14.2 9.7 120.0 69.4 4.22 2.67 88.9 64.2 76.9 39.3 0.033 0.023
95% Confidence Interval
Modem Puebla Production
Table II. Chemical Data for the Mexico City and Puebla Production Samples and the M o d e m Puebla Samples
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Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
11.5
8.0
14.8
0.26*
4.01
0.51
5.2
Lu
Hf
Ta
Th
5.7 2.1 575.0 372.0 31.0 13.8 46.9 24.2 5.28 2.98 1.21 0.67 2.32 1.35 0.33 0.20 4.68 3.34 0.61 0.41 6.9 3.6 15.0 13.7 11.7 17.2 11.0 16.1 11.5
1.11 1.88 0.28 4.87 0.55 5.5
18.2
27.7 4.38
16.1
41.3
446.0 21.0
35.0
4.5
7.6 1.3 817.0 76.0 27.8 14.2 37.5 17.4 5.70 3.07 1.42 0.80 2.32 1.43 0.38 0.18 5.95 3.79 0.73 0.37 6.7 4.2 5.5 7.4 5.1 12.3 11.5 14.6 8.8
0.96 2.16 0.33 4.80 0.76 6.2
7.4
28.4 4.26
6.2
11.2
260.0 20.1
11.5
6.8
8.6 5.0 327.0 193.0 23.3 17.4 33.2 23.6 4.81 3.70 1.12 0.79 2.42 1.90 0.43 0.23 6.08 3.53 1.01 0.50 7.4 4.9
a
NOTE: For Mexico City production Ν = 22; for Puebla production, Ν = 51; for M o d e r n Puebla production, Ν = 9. N a , K , C a , F e and Sr results are given i n percents; all others are i n parts per million. N = 16.
14.8
12.3
fl
1.83
Yb
β
13.9
0.94
Eu
13.1
4.13
Sm
15.4
35.5
Ce
e
18.5
22.4
10.3
474.0
Ba
La
22.2
3.9
Cs
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2 3 δ'
Π
I"
a. ο
$ ο* a
> Ζ
Ω
>
Γ"*) LP r S
UT
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Figure 5. Logarithmic plot of the ratios of chromium to iron for the samples from sherds in group A and group Β of the cluster dendrogram shown in Figure 4. Key: ·, archaeological samples attributed to Mexico City production; A, archaeological samples attributed to Puebla production; +, modern ma jolica produced in Puebla.
T h e c e r a m i c types a t t r i b u t e d to the p r o p o s e d M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n are M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e , M e x i c o C i t y copies of C o l u m b i a P l a i n , a n d F i g S p r i n g s / San J u a n P o l y c h r o m e . T a b l e I I I presents the p r o p o s e d location of p r o d u c t i o n o n the basis of the c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n for the majolica types analyzed a n d the attributions made b y G o g g i n (J) a n d L i s t e r a n d L i s t e r (2). A l l M e x i c o C i t y W h i t e a n d M e x i c o C i t y copies of C o l u m b i a P l a i n b e l o n g to the p r o p o s e d M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n as j u s t discussed. A l l the San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e sherds r e p o r t e d h e r e are f r o m the excavations at Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e . W i t h the exception of the three S p a n i s h c o m p o s i t i o n sherds discussed earlier, the r e m a i n i n g 17 sherds can be c h e m i c a l l y classified as h a v i n g b e e n p r o d u c e d i n P u e b l a . B o t h G o g g i n a n d the L i s t e r s propose a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n for San L u i s B l u e o n - W h i t e . Goggin's a t t r i b u t i o n to M e x i c o C i t y is restricted to the r e d d i s h paste variant. W e have no c h e m i c a l confirmation of a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n for San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e . F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e is an i n t e r e s t i n g contrast to the San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e type. F i g S p r i n g s / S a n Juan P o l y c h r o m e p r o d u c t i o n has b e e n a t t r i b u t e d to P u e b l a b y G o g g i n a n d to M e x i c o C i t y b y L i s t e r a n d
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
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Mexican Majolica Ceramics Table III. Production Attributions
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Majolica Type
Chemical Attribution
Goggin" Attribution
Lister and Lister Attribution h
Mexico City White
Mexico City
—
Mexico City
San Juan Polychrome
Puebla & Mexico City
Puebla
Mexico City
San Luis Blue-on-White
Puebla
Puebla & Mexico City
Mexico City
Aucilla Polychrome
Puebla
unknown Mexican
—
M t . Royal Polychrome
Puebla
unknown Spanish
—
Puebla
Puebla
Puebla
—
Ref. 1 ^Ref. 2 fl
L i s t e r . T h e samples from Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e that can b e a t t r i b u t e d to a p r o d u c t i o n site a l l appear to c o m e f r o m P u e b l a . T h e sherds from the M e x i c o C i t y excavations are split b e t w e e n the p r o p o s e d P u e b l a a n d M e x i c o C i t y productions. T w o samples, S C 37 a n d S C 38, assigned to the p r o p o s e d P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n group, i n fact c o m e from the sealed context at the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l . T h e significance of these two sherds is that they p r o v i d e e v i d e n c e of P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n of majolica ceramics before 1573. T w o of the F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e sherds, S C 46 a n d S C 52, excavated at the Sagrario, have the p r o p o s e d M e x i c o C i t y c o m p o s i t i o n . O n this basis, w e propose that there may b e two varieties of F i g S p r i n g s / S a n J u a n P o l y c h r o m e , one from P u e b l a a n d one f r o m M e x i c o C i t y . T h e later 17th-century types ( A u c i l l a , M t . R o y a l , a n d P u e b l a P o l y chrome) from Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e all group w i t h the P u e b l a c o m p o s i t i o n . G o g g i n a t t r i b u t e d A u c i l l a to an u n k n o w n M e x i c a n source a n d M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e to an u n k n o w n S p a n i s h p r o d u c t i o n center. T h e r e is no e v i d e n c e to date for sherds of the M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e t y p e h a v i n g b e e n p r o d u c e d i n S p a i n , a n d w e propose that b o t h types are f r o m a P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n . C l o s e i n s p e c t i o n of the c h e m i c a l data for the p r o p o s e d P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n g r o u p shows that this group can be s u b d i v i d e d c h e m i c a l l y into two typologically consistent subgroups. F i g u r e 6 presents the means a n d standard deviations for selected alkali a n d rare earth elements i n the t w o subgroups. T y p o l o g i c a l l y , the t w o subgroups are A u c i l l a a n d M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e a n d San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e . San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e is i n c l u d e d w i t h the 1 6 t h c e n t u r y types (identified b y the L i s t e r s ) ; A u c i l l a a n d M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e are not. G o g g i n , o n the o t h e r h a n d , assigned San L u i s B l u e - o n - W h i t e to
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100
Τ
Rb (ppm)
La (ppm)
Ce (ppm)
Sm (ppm)
Κ (%)
Figure 6. Log means and standard deviations for Rb, La, Ce, and Κ for San Luis Blue and White (A) and Aucilla and Mt. Royal Polychrome (·) sherds from excavations at Santa Catalina de Guale. the early 17th c e n t u r y a n d A u c i l l a a n d M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e to the m i d to-late 17th c e n t u r y . T h e concentration data for l a n t h a n u m a n d s a m a r i u m , p l o t t e d i n F i g u r e 7, show d i s t i n c t l y different ratios w i t h no overlap at the 9 5 % confidence i n t e r v a l . M o r e o v e r , the m o d e r n P u e b l a majolica falls w i t h i n the 9 5 % c o n fidence ellipse for the A u c i l l a a n d M t . R o y a l P o l y c h r o m e subgroup. T h e s e c h e m i c a l differences strongly suggest a spatial or t e m p o r a l d i s t i n c t i o n i n clay resource use for the majolica p r o d u c t i o n at P u e b l a . T h e association of the m i d to late 17th-century majolica types w i t h the m o d e r n P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n argues for a t e m p o r a l c o n t i n u i t y i n resource p r o c u r e m e n t from the 17th c e n t u r y to the present. T h e sources of the m o d e r n clays u s e d i n majolica p r o d u c t i o n at P u e b l a are d e s c r i b e d i n M a g g e t t i et a l . (4).
Conclusions T h e M e x i c a n majolica p r o d u c t i o n of the 16th a n d 17th centuries can b e c h e m i c a l l y classified into two v e r y distinct groups based o n c h r o m i u m , i r o n , a n d s c a n d i u m concentrations. O n e of these groups matches the c o m p o s i t i o n of m o d e r n P u e b l a majolica a n d can be assigned to a P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n . T h i s
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
5.
OLIN & BLACKMAN ~T
5.68
Mexican Majolica r
ι
ι
103
Ceramics 1
r— Ί
1
Γ
5.20
1*
4.76
I
4.35
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ε α
3.98
3.64
3.33
h
16.2
18.5
21.2 Lanthanum
24.4
27.9
(ppm)
Figure 7. Logarithmic plot of the ratios of samarium to lanthanum for the samples from San Luis Blue-on-White (A) and Aucilla and Mt. Royal Poly chrome (·) with the modern Puebla samples included in the 95% confidence ellipse of the Aucilla and Mt. Royal Polychrome group. P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n appears to have b e g u n s o m e t i m e before 1573, as e v i d e n c e d b y the presence of sherds of this c h e m i c a l type b e n e a t h the floor of the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l . T h e P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n group can b e f u r t h e r s u b d i v i d e d c h e m i c a l l y into two subgroups that m a y arise f r o m spatial or t e m p o r a l shifts i n resource p r o c u r e m e n t . T h e correspondence of the later p r o d u c t i o n types w i t h the m o d e r n P u e b l a majolica opens the possibilities for further investigations u s i n g ethnographic data. T h e a t t r i b u t i o n of the second major c h e m i c a l group to a M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n is based, at present, o n c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e . A d d i t i o n a l r e search u s i n g 16th-century majolica from the 1 9 6 8 - 6 9 a n d 1 9 7 5 - 7 6 excava tions i n M e x i c o C i t y (20) w i l l b e n e e d e d to strengthen the a t t r i b u t i o n a n d to d e t e r m i n e the range of types b e i n g manufactured. O n the basis of the e v i d e n c e f r o m the a n a l y z e d sherds f r o m Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e , w e find that o n l y S p a n i s h a n d P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n ceramics are present. N o M e x i c o C i t y p r o d u c t i o n sherds are a m o n g those analyzed. T h e presence of P u e b l a p r o d u c t i o n sherds from this 16th- a n d 17th-century site r e q u i r e d transport from M e x i c o . To our k n o w l e d g e , no specific M e x i c a n sea route such as that for the S p a n i s h flota (21), has b e e n p r o p o s e d for s u p p l y
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
104
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
to the mission's sites i n S p a n i s h F l o r i d a . H o w e v e r , a flow of supplies from M e x i c o C i t y t h r o u g h St. A u g u s t i n e to St. C a t h e r i n e s I s l a n d has b e e n p r o p o s e d (22). A n a l y s i s of majolica sherds f r o m carefully excavated s h i p w r e c k s i n the C a r i b b e a n w i l l be valuable e v i d e n c e for establishing the routes taken b y the s u p p l y ships.
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Acknowledgments W e acknowledge the c o n t i n u e d interest a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n of F l o r e n c e a n d R o b e r t L i s t e r ( U n i v e r s i t y of Arizona) w h o p r o v i d e d the sherds from the excavations at the M e t r o p o l i t a n C a t h e d r a l i n M e x i c o C i t y that have b e e n so i m p o r t a n t to o u r study. T h e y d e v e l o p e d the typology a n d selected the sherds that w e have analyzed. W e also acknowledge D e b r a P e t e r a n d D a v i d H u r s t T h o m a s for t h e i r h e l p i n p r o v i d i n g sherds from the excavations b e i n g c o n d u c t e d b y the A m e r ican M u s e u m of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y at the m i s s i o n site of Santa C a t a l i n a de G u a l e o n St. C a t h e r i n e s I s l a n d , G A . T h e s e excavations are s u p p o r t e d b y the E d w a r d J o h n N o b l e a n d St. C a t h e r i n e s I s l a n d F o u n d a t i o n s . D e b r a P e t e r also assisted us b y p r o v i d i n g the typological classification of the ceramics from that site a n d b y c a r r y i n g out the s a m p l i n g of the sherds that w e r e selected a n d m a k i n g arrangements for the photographic d o c u m e n t a t i o n . W e are most pleased to be able to use the m o d e r n majolica sherds collected by M a r i n o Maggetti i n Puebla, M e x i c o w h e n he traveled there i n 1981. T h e s e sherds have b e e n of enormous value to us as a reference for the c o m p o s i t i o n of majolica manufactured i n P u e b l a . T h r o u g h o u t this investigation w e have b e e n greatly a i d e d i n m a n y ways b y the efforts of E m l e n M y e r s . W e acknowledge the i m p o r t a n t support p r o v i d e d b y the p e r s o n n e l of the Reactor Operations D i v i s i o n a n d the N u clear M e t h o d s G r o u p (Inorganic A n a l y t i c a l R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n ) of the N a t i o n a l B u r e a u of Standards, w h o have made t h e i r facilities available to us b o t h for this project a n d the n u m e r o u s other projects that the C o n s e r v a t i o n A n a l y t i c a l L a b o r a t o r y is c a r r y i n g out w i t h n e u t r o n activation analysis. T h i s research was s u p p o r t e d b y the C o n s e r v a t i o n A n a l y t i c a l L a b o r a t o r y as a part of an o n g o i n g project o n the c h e m i c a l classification of S p a n i s h C o l o n i a l majolica.
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
1.49 1.35 1.51 1.76 1.39 1.02 1.40 2.40 1.05 1.16 1.53 1.02 1.61 1.68 0.96 1.31 1.16 1.14 1.13 1.47 0.95
0.88 1.07
1.07 1.07 1.00 1.02 0.94 1.08 0.99 1.03
SC 16 SC32
SA 66 SA 67 SC 37 SC 38 SC 40 SC42 SC43 SC44
Na
SC 11 SC 12 SC 13 SC 14 SC 15 SC 17 SC 18 SC20 SC 21 SC 22 SC23 SC24 SC25 SC 28 SC 29 SC30 SC 31 SC 33 SC 35 SC56 SC 57
Sample
0.80 1.36 0.93 1.45 1.32 1.12 n.d. n.d.
1.01 1.25
1.32 1.31 1.03 1.65 0.59 0.92 1.63 1.43 1.03 1.53 1.32 1.40 n.d. 1.63 0.78 1.33 1.29 1.12 1.32 1.34 1.50
Κ
14.2 n.d. 14.1 13.3 13.2 14.7 14.2 14.9
17.8 15.2
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 14.3 n.d. n.d. n.d. 15.5 11.9 16.4 13.2 11.6 15.0 12.3 20.4 11.3 20.5 11.4 15.1
Ca
12.2 9.6 11.6 12.3 12.7 11.9 12.5 10.8
9.25 9.77
10.5 8.9 6.6 10.0 9.3 8.91 9.2 7.0 7.1 9.31 9.14 6.21 9.91 10.0 8.87 10.1 8.39 9.04 8.26 9.51 10.2
Sc
73.1 n.d. 80.2 88.9 82.6 78.3 81.5 116.0
3.40 2.5 3.17 3.27 3.50 3.14 3.38 3.33
10.2 29.4 11.5 10.5 15.8 10.1 9.6 16.3
89.5 58.0 86.9 85.9 87.5 71.4 90.2 82.4
71.4 69.2
8.75 9.59
2.70 2.90
53.1 63.2
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 69.0 n.d. n.d. n.d. 73.3 65.6 43.8 158.0 71.6 65.9 72.6 69.0 55.0 67.5 69.3 78.7
Zn
7.1 9.7 6.0 10.0 10.0 9.89 10.9 7.5 11.1 9.82 9.31 5.73 11.2 10.5 8.91 10.7 8.81 8.53 9.23 11.1 10.6
Co
Rb
Sr
Cs
63.0 52.0 47.0 85.0 53.0 46.0 77.0 66.0 71.0 67.0 61.2 41.5 55.3 64.4 57.4 63.4 48.0 39.4 42.6 56.2 50.7
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 760.0 n.d. n.d. n.d. 847.0 968.0 1069.0 912.0 836.0 798.0 885.0 767.0 817.0 798.0 641.0 887.0
3.8 5.0 1.9 5.2 3.9 3.27 6.1 2.8 4.7 4.76 3.60 1.56 3.38 4.11 3.29 3.97 4.13 2.64 3.79 4.29 2.28
Mexico City White 480.0 520.0 410.0 520.0 400.0 515.0 510.0 520.0 520.0 500.0 495.0 560.0 495.0 525.0 482.0 561.0 446.0 465.0 499.0 427.0 369.0
Ba
7.53 n.d. 7.19 7.10 19.0 10.4 7.13 8.36
6.31 5.18
849.0 817.0
3.46 3.96
58.1 80.0 73.1 68.4 62.7 59.2 60.1 46.9
885.0 n.d. 918.0 731.0 351.0 425.0 340.0 851.0
4.00 3.7 7.21 3.82 4.81 3.44 3.66 4.50
San Juan Polychrome
39.9 56.9
441.0 470.0 446.0 427.0 413.0 398.0 383.0 413.0
399.0 465.0
Mexico City Copies of Columbia Plain
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 8.34 n.d. n.d. n.d. 6.35 4.46 3.56 4.85 5.92 4.43 5.57 7.16 7.05 6.67 10.00 7.50
M E X I C A N PRODUCTIONS
As
16.2 17.0 18.6 19.7 18.6 18.7 19.7 15.0
18.3 19.1
34.0 25.0 17.0 27.0 22.0 18.3 26.0 21.0 23.0 21.9 20.8 12.0 22.4 22.0 18.3 22.9 20.5 17.0 20.5 23.0 16.4
La
18.8 20.0 24.7 25.2 27.7 29.5 28.5 23.3
33.0 34.6
45.0 33.0 21.0 35.0 29.0 33.0 34.0 27.0 31.0 39.3 36.6 21.3 38.2 39.5 31.8 40.6 35.6 28.1 35.6 39.6 22.6
Ce
Appendix A . Majolica from Excavations i n Mexico City
2.2 2.6 2.1 2.7 2.7 2.82 2.6 2.2 2.9 3.03 2.81 2.08 2.91 2.87 2.75 2.84 2.55 3.10 2.42 2.88 2.77
Fe
55.0 48.0 42.0 52.0 59.0 57.8 52.0 40.0 49.0 54.6 52.2 39.0 58.7 51.6 54.1 55.3 44.1 53.8 42.7 58.9 69.5
Cr
3.52 n.d. 3.79 4.01 3.86 3.82 3.79 3.05
3.66 3.88
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 3.64 n.d. n.d. n.d. 4.39 4.14 2.37 4.41 4.33 3.67 4.54 3.94 3.37 3.96 4.58 3.37
Sm
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0.857 0.76 0.916 0.923 0.948 0.910 0.908 0.752
0.839 0.910
1.20 0.83 0.68 0.90 0.86 0.859 0.95 0.79 0.77 0.979 0.951 0.565 1.050 0.964 0.815 1.009 0.877 0.759 0.855 1.059 0.824
Eu
1.69 n.d. 1.91 1.92 1.90 1.83 1.77 1.40
1.71 1.71
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 1.67 n.d. n.d. n.d. 1.96 1.83 0.95 2.10 1.90 1.54 1.98 1.89 1.33 1.84 2.28 1.65
Yb
3.51 4.06
4.4 4.2 3.5 4.3 4.0 3.75 4.4 4.0 4.4 4.04 3.85 2.54 4.18 4.18 3.52 4.18 3.45 3.92 3.51 4.21 3.61
Hf
0.254 4.48 4.8 n.d. 0.295 4.03 0.281 4.25 0.266 4.21 0.254 4.24 0.279 4.33 0.211 3.57 Continued
0.238 0.251
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.244 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.279 0.275 0.135 0.296 0.261 0.235 0.281 0.274 0.191 0.269 0.309 0.242
Lu
4.38 4.66
7.3 5.4 4.3 5.6 4.6 4.22 5.6 5.3 5.8 5.48 5.12 3.23 5.15 5.51 4.37 5.58 5.06 4.56 4.86 5.40 4.15
Th
0.313 4.27 4.4 n.d. 0.538 5.05 0.519 4.97 0.494 4.84 0.473 4.91 0.593 5.05 0.499 4.52 on next page.
0.455 0.519
n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.460 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.535 0.500 0.336 0.502 0.548 0.476 0.577 0.505 0.536 0.488 0.578 0.396
Ta
ο
a.
δ
>
Ω
r
Ο
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
0.69 0.72 0.51 0.54
0.61 0.55 0.59 0.73 0.56
SC 10 SC 19 SC 26 SC27
SC SC SC SC SC
1.87 0.83 0.95 1.48 1.82
2.10 2.75 2.35 2.25
n.d. n.d. 1.40 1.21 1.15 1.29
Κ
18.2 19.7 19.3 14.7 15.4
n.d. n.d. 13.6 13.6
9.5 14.5 16.7 14.1 10.9 8.2
Ca
11.7 10.0 7.71 10.3 10.4
10.5 10.7 11.7 11.3
10.9 12.7 12.4 11.7 13.4 10.8
Sc
73.1 67.6 33.0 71.3 62.8
46.0 48.0 50.4 47.0
55.7 89.9 74.3 78.0 90.8 54.8
Cr
3.23 2.82 1.79 3.01 3.00
2.8 2.9 3.43 3.28
2.24 3.59 3.17 3.06 3.54 2.15
Fe
16.5 10.4 10.7 10.0 10.4
11.0 10.4 14.7 13.0
6.8 10.0 14.9 9.2 11.6 6.7
Co
88.1 74.8 67.9 78.2 76.2
Rb Sr
Cs Ba
Α-Continued
11.9 11.6 11.2 11.9 9.64
693.0 760.0 690.0 471.0 432.0 573.0
3.30 5.46 6.08 6.53 4.82 3.14
n.d. n.d. 351.0 288.0
10.4 10.8 10.1 10.6
Sevilla White
103.0 74.5 87.7 88.5 79.3
634.0 545.0 412.0 450.0 543.0
5.30 4.51 4.41 5.21 5.11
Columbia Gun Metal
155.0 178.0 167.0 151.0
499.0 459.0 535.0 366.0 340.0 427.0
444.0 325.0 421.0 389.0 334.0
430.0 620.0 511.0 461.0
SPANISH PRODUCTIONS
56.8 48.0 84.9 53.2 49.8 58.6
San Juan Polychrome-- Continued
.
Appendix
12.1 4.16 19.7 29.0 17.9 5.98
As
n.d. n.d. 16.7 18.7
75.2 85.9 87.7 78.5 87.5 78.7
n.d. n.d. 83.2 80.4
Zn
NOTE: Na, K, Ca, and Fe results are given in percents; all others are in parts per million.
86 87 88 89 91
1.48 1.19 0.88 0.84 0.96 1.40
Na
SC46 SC 47 SC 48 SC50 SC 51 SC 52
Sample
34.6 32.1 33.0 33.9 32.9
54.0 49.0 42.0 47.1
28.4 20.0 22.1 17.5 19.0 26.5
La
58.9 55.7 29.8 59.3 54.8
82.0 124.0 77.1 88.1
44.6 26.1 28.5 27.6 29.4 43.1
Ce
5.42 4.99 5.27 5.38 5.16
n.d. n.d. 7.14 8.07
5.19 4.19 4.27 3.66 3.96 4.99
Sm
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1.04 0.998 1.01 1.05 1.03
1.02 1.01 1.07 1.12
1.19 1.04 0.946 0.847 0.944 1.17
Eu
2.36 2.49 2.51 2.28 2.15
n.d. n.d. 3.23 3.53
2.00 1.79 2.13 1.77 2.02 1.92
Yb
0.398 0.356 0.381 0.339 0.362
n.d. n.d. 0.457 0.532
0.307 0.325 0.348 0.265 0.299 0.282
Lu
4.58 5.26 3.72 5.64 5.47
8.2 6.8 6.03 7.89
4.29 4.42 4.06 3.65 4.06 4.15
Hf
1.57 0.964 0.733 0.929 1.09
n.d. n.d. 1.51 1.58
0.538 0.511 0.508 0.491 0.553 0.497
Ta
9.48 9.06 4.27 9.40 9.14
19.5 16.8 15.6 18.0
6.32 5.00 5.52 4.75 4.93 6.34
Th
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
1.89 1.72 1.36 1.06 1.79 1.27 1.29 1.33
1.08 1.65 1.67 1.68 1.63 1.75 1.40 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.17 1.67 1.67 1.96 1.42 1.67 1.71
1.36 1.37 1.39 1.64 1.41 1.58
SCI010 SCI027 SCI029 SCI039 SCI041 SCI048 SCI053 SCI059 SCI060 SCI063 SCI064 SCI069 SCI073 SCI076 SCI079 SCI082 SCI083
SCI008 SCI038 SCI044 SCI045 SCI050 SCI055
Να
SCI009 SCI017 SCI018 SCI024 SCI031 SCI036 SCI037 SCI047
Sample
Rb
Sr
Cs
4.85 5.98 3.24 2.40 3.81 2.82
52.2 53.3 69.8 63.7 65.2 60.5
7.41 8.17 8.75 8.13 8.24 7.35
2.99 3.06 3.26 3.67 3.09 3.69
101.0 103.0 96.8 100.0 103.0 119.0
11.7 11.7 11.9 13.2 12.0 13.1
5.2 3.7 11.7 8.7 5.4 6.6
0.679 0.682 0.555 0.511 0.608 0.460
Polychrome 634.0 4.83 548.0 5.51 581.0 6.22 615.0 3.93 698.0 5.90 673.0 8.77 417.0 5.35 378.0 4.68
356.0 522.0 530.0 530.0 644.0 531.0 871.0 627.0 521.0 713.0 518.0 565.0 619.0 500.0 697.0 528.0 564.0
5.42 3.69 4.17 4.62 3.74 4.17 9.27 4.40 4.48 4.09 4.14 4.06 4.26 5.02 9.04 3.95 4.01
45.0 52.2 44.1 44.0 45.9 50.5
461.0 537.0 445.0 700.0 573.0 547.0
3.08 3.24 2.88 3.19 3.71 3.45
Aucilla Polychrome
68.5 46.7 47.2 53.2 45.5 49.0 49.3 58.1 50.9 45.0 61.0 50.4 61.0 52.0 50.7 47.2 44.5
San Luis Blue-on-White 9.10 3.00 3.70 16.3 6.04 26.5 6.65 12.5 7.14 6.64 22.1 2.56 23.4 7.73 4.94 2.49 2.61
79.3 62.7 75.9 64.6 64.4 57.3 58.7 65.8 76.2 65.3 77.4 72.8 66.8 69.5 73.3 68.9 66.1
13.4 9.66 9.27 13.1 9.10 11.1 9.68 10.4 10.9 9.35 10.9 9.04 9.89 13.6 11.0 9.53 9.12
3.62 3.73 3.64 3.94 3.49 3.70 4.01 3.61 3.72 3.73 4.01 3.52 3.81 4.06 4.15 3.72 3.62
91.2 82.4 88.5 100.0 87.7 89.1 128.0 92.5 85.9 97.7 97.1 82.2 112.0 81.8 132.0 88.7 86.1
13.2 12.9 12.5 13.1 12.0 12.9 13.8 12.6 12.7 12.8 14.4 12.2 13.0 12.0 14.0 12.5 12.5
10.8 6.8 10.5 10.8 9.5 6.8 9.0 7.2 7.5 8.8 8.5 9.1 7.1 8.3 7.5 9.8 7.8
San Juan 44.2 47.8 56.8 56.6 45.1 53.6 68.2 62.1
1.02 0.807 0.863 0.802 0.836 0.785 0.684 1.04 0.957 0.902 1.01 0.798 0.828 1.099 0.556 0.687 0.789
6.14 4.95 3.80 8.65 4.76 5.69 12.6 28.1
M E X I C A N PRODUCTIONS
As
66.5 75.2 70.6 74.1 70.0 64.3 71.4 80.2
Zn
15.0 12.7 10.1 8.26 14.3 9.91 11.8 12.6
Co
3.92 3.85 4.05 3.56 3.96 3.73 4.20 4.06
Fe
83.8 109.0 126.0 91.6 115.0 102.0 122.0 105.0
Cr
11.6 13.3 13.8 12.6 13.7 12.6 15.1 15.0
Se
8.4 4.5 4.5 15.1 4.5 12.2 6.7 5.0
Co
0.964 0.690 0.614 0.851 0.745 0.558 0.920 1.07
Κ
973.0 1040.0 314.0 374.0 869.0 471.0
495.0 545.0 406.0 436.0 506.0 475.0 336.0 632.0 574.0 478.0 n.d. 533.0 252.0 501.0 255.0 537.0 385.0
385.0 423.0 311.0 421.0 313.0 219.0 337.0 358.0
Ba
19.7 18.5 20.4 20.4 19.6 19.8
21.9 26.0 23.9 24.1 23.7 24.4 19.9 25.1 24.8 24.8 35.0 24.0 22.4 23.2 17.9 24.5 24.6
22.0 17.7 18.1 18.7 19.1 17.5 20.8 21.6
La
25.2 25.2 22.5 20.5 25.0 20.2
36.0 32.1 29.2 37.8 30.1 30.4 27.0 34.4 35.1 31.8 27.2 29.6 30.7 35.6 27.2 29.6 29.6
34.8 32.5 29.9 22.1 34.8 26.4 32.0 32.7
Ce
4.24 4.04 4.25 4.53 4.27 4.31
4.29 4.83 4.70 4.79 4.54 4.82 4.26 5.01 4.95 4.98 7.93 4.68 4.44 4.58 3.85 4.82 4.74
4.31 3.97 3.81 3.85 4.16 3.97 4.24 4.49
Sm
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1.14 1.08 1.12 1.17 1.15 1.13
1.02 1.25 1.19 1.18 1.15 1.25 1.08 1.17 1.22 1.22 1.83 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.07 1.20 1.17
1.08 1.12 1.02 0.964 1.13 1.00 1.07 1.12
Eu
1.55 1.50 1.85 1.79 1.75 1.85
1.98 2.05 1.86 2.28 1.79 2.03 1.75 2.11 2.14 2.18 2.74 1.97 1.90 1.98 1.60 1.99 1.82
1.66 1.68 1.51 1.84 1.95 1.59 2.09 2.00
Yb
4.65 4.99 5.20 5.37 4.92 5.46 5.14 5.73 6.07 5.35 4.95 5.35 5.33 4.85 5.35 5.30 5.51
4.74 5.19 5.21 4.56 5.98 4.73 5.36 5.45
Hf
0.467 0.545 0.537 0.703 0.617 0.658 0.585 0.687 0.628 0.590 0.495 0.557 0.679 0.515 0.661 0.395 0.598
0.429 0.593 0.627 0.482 0.578 0.578 0.710 0.627
Ta
0.219 4.52 0.441 0.210 4.30 0.390 0.364 5.25 0.604 0.281 4.75 0.506 0.308 4.55 0.553 0.258 4.80 0.462 Continued on next
0.280 0.270 0.216 0.288 0.290 0.294 0.285 0.298 0.293 0.289 0.474 0.324 0.211 0.297 0.242 0.301 0.360
0.217 0.276 0.283 0.179 0.228 0.275 0.348 0.343
Lu
5.19 4.92 5.19 4.76 5.12 5.06 page.
5.38 6.41 5.96 6.27 6.10 6.27 5.60 6.98 6.79 6.21 5.18 6.14 6.19 5.65 5.57 6.14 5.75
5.74 5.19 6.00 4.62 5.31 5.1 6.05 5.98
Th
Ο -α
2
η
a. ο
>
5
Ο r
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
0.371 0.624
1.08
1.05 1.47
1.74
0.995 1.03 1.13
0.891 0.543 0.614 0.796 0.755 0.622 0.809
SCI046 SCI084
SCI005
SCI042 SCI052 SCI075
SCI012 SCI013 SCI014 SCI015 SCI016 SCI019 SCI020
0.547 1.42 1.09 1.02 1.39 1.21 0.820
1.55 1.24 1.56
0.562 0.256 0.710 0.538
1.26 1.33 1.48 1.29
SCI028 SCI030 SCI074 SCI081
0.485 0.479 0.540 0.729 0.525 0.521 0.518
Κ
1.55 1.48 1.39 1.33 1.29 1.53 1.71
Να
SCI057 SCI058 SCI070 SCI072 SCI077 SCI078 SCI080
Sample
10.3 12.3 11.0 11.8 9.8 14.3 12.8
4.0 5.7 3.9
7.0
15.8 7.1
11.6
11.0
11.8
17.5
7.0 5.9 8.0 9.5 9.8 8.2 8.5
Ca
12.9 12.4 13.2 12.6 13.6 12.7 12.2
21.6 21.9 21.1
13.2
13.5 13.7
12.2 13.1 13.8 12.7
11.0 12.6 13.7
11.4
13.0 12.8 11.7
Sc
90.4 80.4 87.9 88.5 86.5 86.7 84.1
136.0 135.0 150.0
84.1
113.0 98.9
107.0 118.0 118.0 110.0
110.0 106.0 96.6 101.0 87.1 113.0 99.8
Cr
3.66 3.49 3.68 3.61 3.79 3.63 3.50
5.20 5.30 5.21
3.72
3.96 3.89
3.42 3.68 3.88 3.55
3.63 3.52 3.14 3.02 2.92 3.69 3.86
Fe
15.6 15.5 14.2 12.8 14.1 13.9 12.1
25.9 24.9 22.1
16.5
10.2 8.99
10.21 9.82 9.66 8.51
7.35 9.44 8.63 7.55 8.11 7.78 7.96
Co
Rb
Sr
Cs
Ba
593.0 362.0 426.0 574.0 394.0 490.0 492.0 3.25 2.64 3.70 3.36 3.74 3.39 3.08
411.0 442.0 479.0 426.0 2.76 3.37 3.33 2.96
611.0 403.0 6.15 3.37
62.2
488.0 5.15
Puebla Blue-on-White
32.9 38.4
Puebla Polychrome
40.4 48.9 50.4 51.6
Mt. Royal Polychirome
43.0 43.1 47.3 48.6 38.5 49.1 37.6
SPANISH PRODUCTIONS
9.40
6.01 5.13
5.46 6.82 7.35 7.28
2.25 2.88 3.47 2.99 3.29 2.58 4.48
441.0
436.0 363.0
195.0 248.0 427.0 262.0
408.0 433.0 426.0 975.0 149.0 482.0 299.0
Aucilla Polychrome—Continued
As
Appendix Β.-Continued
68.4 86.1 88.7 88.3 97.9 89.1 83.6
182.0 192.0 181.0
13.3 10.2 15.7 10.2 10.0 13.0 10.7
18.4 15.5 24.9 520.0 800.0 646.0 4.94 5.07 4.98
83.4 102.1 81.1 121.0 135.0 83.0 117.0
285.0 507.0 369.0 557.0 432.0 443.0 472.0
6.87 5.89 5.19 6.93 6.71 5.53 6.71
Columbia Plain
95.1 100.0 108.0
361.0 509.0 421.0 449.0 402.0 455.0 443.0
420.0 384.0 403.0
Spanish Variant of San Luis Blue-on-White
74.5
76.6 71.0
57.0 73.3 62.4 55.1
63.7 71.8 63.1 58.2 63.2 66.1 60.0
Zn
40.1 39.4 43.3 40.5 42.7 40.3 40.8
37.6 38.8 32.4
27.9
19.8 24.3
18.8 20.3 21.3 19.5
18.2 22.1 18.8 18.8 17.9 17.6 21.3
La
69.3 68.2 75.3 70.0 76.9 69.3 70.3
67.1 70.8 62.5
44.3
27.4 25.0
21.4 23.8 25.2 23.7
20.1 26.6 25.6 23.8 24.4 20.4 21.4
Ce
6.31 6.22 6.87 6.38 6.76 6.28 6.41
5.85 5.94 5.47
5.31
4.25 5.07
4.09 4.38 4.75 4.33
4.06 4.69 4.19 4.05 3.99 3.92 4.59
Sm
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1.21 1.22 1.32 1.26 1.30 1.22 1.21
1.14 1.24 1.09
1.26
1.04 1.28
1.08 1.18 1.20 1.17
1.07 1.21 1.10 1.12 1.01 1.11 1.28
Eu
2.81 2.88 3.10 2.96 3.00 2.72 3.15
2.71 2.87 2.51
2.15
1.79 2.04
1.71 1.91 1.94 1.85
1.77 2.00 1.58 1.73 1.69 1.67 2.15
Yb
6.92 8.32 7.05
5.26
5.45 5.22
4.38 5.00 5.24 4.58
4.85 4.82 4.44 4.31 4.22 5.21 5.25
Hf
1.01
1.08 1.08
0.703
0.726 0.548
0.617 0.603 0.637 0.610
0.564 0.550 0.388 0.416 0.471 0.561 0.528
Ta
11.5 11.9 10.7
6.38
6.27 5.75
5.61 5.51 6.04 5.37
4.98 5.65 5.00 4.65 4.65 4.92 4.90
Th
0.433 7.05 1.04 11.3 11.0 0.457 6.89 1.09 0.492 7.21 1.17 11.8 0.470 7.35 1.08 11.2 0.447 6.79 1.06 11.9 0.449 6.67 1.09 11.0 0.383 6.53 0.995 11.6 Continued on next page.
0.450 0.505 0.330
0.337
0.223 0.313
0.247 0.304 0.272 0.229
0.303 0.299 0.234 0.262 0.251 0.236 0.274
Lu
*<
OLIN & BLACKMAN
ci Si ίο ci c i oô oô oô cô
C i CO 00 00 C i b» CD Ο Ο Tf< Ι > ΙΟ 00 CO CÔ CD b~ CO CO CD
ςφ ^) Ν ·4 |ς ^4
Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο d es
0.421 0.286 0.386 0.362 0.284
CO CO 00 b-; TP b-» 1> Η Η Ο Η Ο Η CÎ
1.07 0.652 0.671 0.724 0.63
Mexican Majolica Ceramics
1.10 1.172 0.964 1.12 0.984 1.15 1.06 CO CO CO b- CO 00 ^f* © Η Ν Ο ΙΟ Η 00 c i co c i cô c i co ci
ci c i ci c i c i
00 10
co 10 co
co to co CO CO b^ 10 t> 00 b-
Ce
ΙΟ © Ο CO 00 ^ CO cô i-4 i> r-i in 1-4 oô co b- co b- b-
La
ιο © ^ co oo co c©
Ba
ο ο ο ο ο ο ο oé οό ι-5 c i t-4 ι-4 ^ ι—I C i 00 b~ CO CO ΙΟ τϊ* ^ CO
U
Sr
Ο
As Zn
m 4 fi
Rb
i
D
CO
ϋ
I
β CO
Ι^τΡ'Φ^ςοαο—tbgrH^cq-^cot^oo .Cl>COCDl>10lOt*4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Uxj5cir^- © cô
©
SCI061
© i > od t> cô OS ΙΟ ÏO C i CO
23.2
• Ψ Ο Η Η Η
3.71
r-4 i—i
d *o ©
d
89.5
CO ΙΟ ÎO ©
?
© ÎO C i C i C i CO
13.4
i—t cô os ©
84.7 85.9 90.8
© C i C0 b " C i
12.4 12.3 13.6
i—t
3.40 3.44 3.78
i-4 r-4 C i H Ci Ci
© ^
99.8 91.6 106.0
© © © © © Tjî rH © © OS b - C i ΙΟ b -
38.8 39.0
ο ©
12.0 12.1 13.5
© © © Ci Ci b-* co oq oq o s © cô c i c i c i
88.1 87.7
00 © © © © oô d © ^» C i 00 CO CO CO
23.1 17.9
© ίο CO Ci
4.55 4.65
© ci —t Tf< Ci
429.0 105.0
Ci ©
Santo Domingo Blue-on-White 7.94 103.0 481 6.43 484 11.0 121.0 552 6.90 332
Eu
»o b rH rH
12.0
co © CO © oo © co © Ci © ο © ©
φ ς© r H CO "'T CO ci c i c i
SCI066
υ ci ci ci c i ci
SCI049 SCI067 SCI071
Ο CO ΙΟ CO CO CO t - ; IO b - 00 !> CO ^ Tt* Tt*
74.0 49.7 50.7 51.1 51.5
Ce
O H H l f t
16.6 16.9
& © c i co co e i
84.7 85.1
c i b~ b-> οό oo Tf4 C i C i C i C i
©
13.2 13.6
« CM 00 00 CO 00
3.40 3.52
CO
Yayal Blue-on-White © © d o ©
^
77.4 82.2
Appendix B.-Continued CO CO ""Φ ^ ^
11.9 12.1
Zn >-*
b - iO* ί> C§ CO Ο Φ (O b - CO r-ί © © © ©
"^f
12.9 11.4
Co
c i ccj in t > ©3 C i 00 00 00 © ι—1
SCI033 SCI065
f Ν 00 Ν CO Ο r - t r H r-4 C i C i 1—4 1—4 r—i ι—1
SCIOOl SCI002 SCI003 SCI004 SCI007
ϋ
Sample
Downloaded by CORNELL UNIV on July 27, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: July 1, 1989 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1988-0220.ch005
110 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
ϋ
TO
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
1.18 1.20 1.08 1.06 1.19 1.15 1.15
SD29 SD30 SD31 SD32 SD33 SD34 SD35 SD36 SD37
n.d. 0.77 n.d. 0.59 0.72 n.d. 0.47 n.d. n.d.
Κ
13.4 11.4 13.2 12.8 11.5 13.3 12.4 13.4 n.d.
Ca
11.8 10.7 11.7 11.7 10.9 11.4 12.9 13.5 13.0
Sc
92.0 79.8 93.1 91.2 83.0 87.9 109.0 108.0 107.0
Cr
3.33 3.01 3.37 3.32 3.08 3.30 3.80 3.95 3.84
Fe 25.4 7.74 8.36 10.7 8.69 10.9 15.0 16.9 12.7
Co 73.1 68.9 71.3 76.9 73.5 77.6 81.5 85.3 80.9
Zn 3.53 3.99 3.71 4.16 3.17 4.58 4.38 n.d. n.d.
As 65.0 61.2 47.6 50.4 51.1 54.3 58.5 73.1 61.9
Rb 244.0 282.0 265.0 294.0 274.0 304.0 292.0 312.0 251.0
Sr 6.34 6.34 6.04 6.58 6.44 6.10 7.78 7.82 7.93
Cs 236.0 252.0 258.0 228.0 250.0 236.0 272.0 294.0 316.0
Ba 20.6 18.7 20.3 20.7 18.6 20.4 21.1 22.5 n.d.
La
Sm 4.30 3.95 4.22 4.30 3.94 4.25 4.46 4.65 n.d.
Ce 27.8 25.8 27.3 28.6 26.1 27.3 31.2 31.5 30.1
Appendix C . M o d e r n Majolica Ceramics from Puebla, Mexico
NOTE: Na, K, Ca, and Fe results are given in percents; all others are in parts per million.
n.d.
1.16
Na
Sample
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Eu 0.957 0.822 0.975 0.944 0.879 0.973 1.01 1.06 0.995
Yb 2.12 2.11 2.28 2.15 2.03 2.04 2.30 2.28 n.d.
Lu 0.340 0.365 0.311 0.324 0.248 0.331 0.343 0.385 n.d.
Hf 4.67 4.26 4.62 4.53 4.18 4.46 5.35 5.62 5.55
Ta 0.794 0.766 0.673 0.617 0.762 0.587 0.867 0.863 0.889
Th 6.00 5.60 5.92 5.96 5.81 5.77 6.64 7.10 6.90
112
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
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References 1. Goggin, J . S. Spanish Majolica in the New World, Types of the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries; Yale Univ. Publications in Anthropology No. 72, Yale University Press: New Haven, C T , 1968. 2. Lister, F. C.; Lister, R. H. Sixteenth Century Majolica Pottery in the Valley of Mexico; Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 39: University of Arizona Press: Tucson, A Z , 1982. 3. Olin, J . S.; Harbottle, G . ; Sayre, Ε. V. In Archaeological Chemistry II; Carter, G. F., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series No. 171; American Chemical Society: Washington, D C , 1978; pp 200-229. 4. Maggetti, M.; Westley, H.; Olin, J. S. In Archaeological Chemistry III; Lambert, J. B . , Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series No. 205; American Chemical Society Washington, D C , 1984; pp 151-191. 5. Jornet, Α.; Blackman, M. J.; Olin, J . S. In Ceramics and Civilization; Kingery, D., E d . ; American Ceramic Society: Columbus, O H , 1985; pp 235-255. 6. Hughes, M. J.; Vince, A.G. In Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeo metry Symposium; Olin, J . S.; Blackman, M. J., Eds.; Smithsonian Institution: Washington, DC 1986; pp 353-367. 7. Jornet, Α.; Blackman, M. J.; Westley, H.; Olin, J . S. In Abstracts of the 1984 Symposium on Archaeometry; Olin, J . S.; Blackman, M. J., Organizers; Smith sonian Institution: Washington, D C , 1984; p 73. 8. op. cit. Lister, F. C.; Lister, R. H., 1982, pp 90-91. 9. Cervantes, E . Loza Blanca y Azulejo de Puebla, 2 vols. Mexico, 1939. 10. Leicht, H. Las Calles de Puebla, Estudio Historico, Mijares, Puebla, 1934. 11. op. cit. Goggin, J., p 53-56. 12. Lister, F. C.; Lister, R. H.; Historical Archaeology 1984, 18, 87-102. 13. op. cit. Goggin, J . p 214. 14. Thomas, D . H . Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 1987, 63, Part 2, p 57. 15. South, S. Research Manuscript Series 184 Institute of Archaeology and Anthro pology, University of South Carolina: Columbia, S C , 1985; pp 45-46. 16. Blackman, M. J. In Archaeological Chemistry III; Lambert, J. B . , E d . ; Advances in Chemistry Series No. 205; American Chemical Society: Washington, D C , 1984; pp 19-50. 17. Blackman, M. J., Olin, J . S., Jornet, A. In Abstracts of the 1984 Symposium on Archaeometry; Olin, J. S.; Blackman, M. J., Organizers; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D C , 1984, p 12. 18. op. cit Lister, F. C.; Lister, R. H., 1982, p 18. 19. Bieber, A . W. J r . ; Brooks, D . W.; Harbottle, G . ; Sayre, Ε. V. Archaeometry 1976, 18(1), 59-74. 20. Vega Sosa, C. El Recinto Sagrado de Mexico-Tenochtitlan: Excavaciones 196869 y 1975-76; I N A H , 1979. 21. Martin, C. J . M. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Un derwater Exploration 1978, 8(4), 279-302. 22. Deagan, K . personal communication, Dec. 2, 1987. RECEIVED for review July 22, 1987. ACCEPTED revised manuscript February 11, 1988.
Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
