TWO-WHEELED TRANSPORT: Safe Riding Strategies Nadji Kirby Safe Routes to School Coordinator, Montgomery Department of Transportation Dr. Kulanthayan Mani Safe Kids Malaysia Dr. Yoshifumi Nishida Safe Kids Japan Kim Wiley-Schwartz, Moderator Assistant Commissioner, Education and Outreach, New York City Department of Transportation
Are Children Pillion Rider Well Protected On A Motorcycle in Malaysia?
Associate Professor Dr. Kulanthayan KC Mani Safe Kids Malaysia Universiti Putra Malaysia Safe Kids Childhood Injury Prevention, 30 July 2015, Washington DC, USA
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Outline • Background • Solution – Motorcycle Helmet • Methodology • Results • Recommendation Safe Kids Childhood Injury Prevention, 30 July 2015, Washington DC, USA
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Background • Population 30 million (growth 2%) • Vehicle population 20 million (growth 6%) • Motorcycle population 50% • Road crash close to half a million (year 2013) • Road death 6915(year 2013) • Motorcycle death 60% • Children death <15 years 402 (6%), <20 years 1362 (20%) • Head injuries 63% of motorcycle deaths Safe Kids Childhood Injury Prevention, 30 July 2015, Washington DC, USA
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Solution - Motorcycle Helmet • Motorcycle helmet law - 1973 • Motorcycle helmet standards – SIRIM (MS 1:1969) (MS1:1996) • Children helmet standards – SIRIM (MS 1727:2004) • Study aim - Prevalence and determinants of helmet usage
Safe Kids Childhood Injury Prevention, 30 July 2015, Washington DC, USA
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Methodology • Cross sectional study among 200 respondents at 4 stations (2 each in rural and urban area) in Klang, Selangor, Malaysia. • Child and adult helmet observation plus interview with adult. • Independent variables: locality, rider gender, marital status, helmet usage, household income, type of helmet, travel distance and enforcement) Safe Kids Childhood Injury Prevention, 30 July 2015, Washington DC, USA
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Results • In urban areas 98% adults using safety helmet, but only 59% in rural. Similarly for children, 57% in urban compared 23% rural. • Alarmingly only 3% children using Child standard safety helmet, 37% using adult helmet, 24% using toys helmet and 36% not using any helmets. • Child helmet usage was higher in among married urban female riders using safety helmet with household income more than USD600 per month.
Safe Kids Childhood Injury Prevention, 30 July 2015, Washington DC, USA
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Table 4: Crosstab analysis for determinants associated with helmet usage among child pillion riders Motorcycle helmet usage among child pillion riders No. Independent Variables Attributes Yes (%) No (%) Urban 57 (57) 43 (47) 1 Location Rural 23 (23) 77 (77) Total 80 (40) 120 (60)
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Marital status
Gender (Rider)
Single
12 (12.5)
84 (87.5)
Married
68 (65.4)
36 (34.6)
Total
80 (40)
120 (60)
Male
45 (31.5)
98 (68.5)
Female
35 (61.4)
22 (38.6)
80 (40)
120 (60)
74 (58.3)
53 (41.7)
Not-wearing
6 (8.2)
67 (91.8)
Total < High School ≥ High school Total
80 (40) 12 (27.9) 68 (23) 80 (40)
120 (60) 31 (47) 89 (77) 120 (60)
Total Wearing 4
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Helmet usage (Rider)
Education (Rider)
Safe Kids Childhood Injury Prevention, 30 July 2015, Washington DC, USA
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Table 4: Crosstab analysis for determinants associated with helmet usage among child pillion riders (cont) Motorcycle helmet usage among Attributes child pillion riders No. Independent Variables Yes (%) No (%) ≥ High school 68 (23) 89 (77) Total 80 (40) 120 (60) 6
Household income
≤ RM 1500
26 (29.5)
62 (70.5)
> RM 1500
54 (48.2)
58 (51.8)
80 (40)
120 (60)
≤ 1 km
40 (30.1)
93 (69.9)
> 1 km
40 (59.7)
27 (40.3)
80 (40) 51 (52)
120 (60) 47 (48)
29 (28.4)
73 (71.6)
Total
80 (40)
120 (60)
Know
25 (58.1)
18 (40.9)
55 (35) 80 (40)
102 (65) 120 (60)
Important
39 (69.6)
17 (30.4)
Not important
41 (28.5)
103 (71.5)
80 (40)
120 (60)
46 (29.7)
109 (70.3)
34 (75.6)
11 (24.4)
80 (40)
120 (60)
Total 7
Travel distance
Total With police 8
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Enforcement
Knowing SIRIM label
Importance of SIRIM label
Without police
Do not know Total
Total 11
Safe Safety perception of toy helmet Not safe use Total
Safe Kids Childhood Injury Prevention, 30 July 2015, Washington DC, USA
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Recommendation • Child safety helmet need to be extensively promoted since its usage is only 3%. • Helmet Initiative Interventions need to be targeted in rural areas since helmet usage among riders and pillion passengers were low (59% and 23%). • Programs specifically targeted to rural single male riders not using helmet earning less then USD600 household income per month. Safe Kids Childhood Injury Prevention, 30 July 2015, Washington DC, USA
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Thank You Dr. Kulanthayan KC Mani
Associate Professor / Executive Director Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences / Safe Kids Malaysia
Universiti Putra Malaysia
[email protected]
Safe Kids Childhood Injury Prevention, 30 July 2015, Washington DC, USA
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Let’s ride our bikes safely！ （Necessity of maintenance）
Yoshifumi Nishida1,2, Kitamura Koji1,2, Mikiko Oono1,2, Kimiko Deguchi3, Tatsuhiro Yamanaka1,2 1National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 2Safekids Japan, 3Deguchi Children’s Hospital
Bicycle injury occurs repeatedly everyday!!
Types of Products related to injuries 20
(Emergency medical data: April, 2009 – March, 2013） 635 cases analyzed
Ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ ＩｎＩｎｊｕｒｙ
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10
5
0
Types of Products
Bicycles were the most often involved！
Survey on Bike Usages and Bike-related Incidents Research Participants(N=2,308) Elementary Schools：1284 students （7 schools） Sanjo Elementary School, Chuo Elementary School, Asahigaoka Elementary School, Houkobaru Elementary School , Omura Elementary School, Tominohara Elementary School, Takematsu Elementary School
Middle Schools： 550 students （5 schools） Kushima Middle School, Harase Middle School, Omura Middle School, Sakugahara Middle School, Koori Middle School
High Schools： 474 students （4 schools） Jonan High School, Koyo High School, Omura High School, Omura Technical High School
Omura, Nagasaki
Q. Which bike’s parts have you ever adjusted? Status on bike maintenance
100.0%
■ Elementary School ■ Middle School ■ High School
80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0%
Saddle height
Handle height
Brake lever
Over 80% of students have never adjusted the brake lever.
Research on bike Use
（Collaboration with West Omura Elementary School） Sensorizing a bike and investigate how students ride a bike! The reaction time to brake from when a student notice a sign
The time to stop a rear wheel when a student start braking.
The time when a front brake start to work after a student starts pulling the brake lever.
The time when a rear wheel start to stop after a student starts pulling the brake lever.
Participants：１st～６th grader 10 boys & 10 girls from each grader 120 students in total
Pictures of Anthropometric measurements 体寸法計測の様子
N=120
1st to 6th grade student (6 to 13 years old)
Height, Weight, Length of palm, Length of the middle finger, Other lengths
Results on anthropometric measurements 1.2
mm
1.2 ■ Length of a palm ■ Length of the middle finger
1
3 Grade
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The length of hand increased 1.2 times in 6 years of elementary school
Devices to measure the reaction time to brake ①Pull a brake lever ②Force of braking transfers to wheels through wires. ③ Start to brake
Movie of the bike experiment: Measure the reaction time to brake.
Examples of fitting or not fitting in a hand
Fit a hand size
Doesn’t fit a hand size
The time to start braking in case of fit or not fit The time to start braking (ms)
700 600 500
1st, 2nd, 3rd grader
About 0.1second （139ms）
400 300 200
０．１second＝ ８３ｃｍ（３０km/h)
100 0
Fit
Not Fit
In 1st, 2nd, 3rd grade, when the brake lever width does not fit their hand, the reaction time to brake is delayed by 0.1 second compared to the case of fitting.
Necessity of selection of adequate size of bicycle
The necessity of selection of bicycle fit for child
Necessity of of maintenance The necessity maintenancesuch as brake lever adjustment
Necessity of of helmet use The necessity helment
Map of typical injury situations
2:30
Omura, Nagasaki
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Population: 90,000 Community-based Intervention with medical doctors, school teachers, and police.
Partnerships That Work Creating Partnerships to Enhance Your Bike Safety Program
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Overview
• Partnerships • Why They Work
Partnerships That Work
• Montgomery County Bicycle and Pedestrian Safety Program
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• Cluster of concerted initiatives. • Potential to build on existing activities and build momentum. • Opportunity to be innovative. • Learn from each other. • Shared benefit / shared risk!
Partnerships That Work
In Practice…..What is a Partnership?
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• Recognizing opportunities to change • Mobilizing people and resources to create change • Seeking support and involvement from diverse and non-traditional partners • Build trust among collaborators • Develop learning opportunities for partners 31
Partnerships That Work
Collaborative Process Involves…
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Safe Routes to School (SRTS)
• Montgomery County started a program that originally just focused on improving infrastructure. • Began incorporating Education and Enforcement in the program in 2008 with the help of state funding. • Began working with individual elementary and middle schools to implement bike and pedestrian safety education programming.
Partnerships That Work
• SRTS is a national and international movement designed to reverse the decline in children walking and bicycling to schools.
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Bike Safety Education in Elementary Schools • Trained by WABA to facilitate bike rodeos • Worked with school Principals and Physical Education teachers to conduct bike rodeos at various schools in the County
Partnerships That Work
• Partnered with Washington Area Bicyclist Association (WABA) to do bike rodeos
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Bike Safety Programming
• MD State Highway Administration • Safe Routes Programs partnered with Safe Kids • League of American Bicyclists
Partnerships That Work
• WABA stopped conducting bike rodeos and trainings
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Bike Safety in Middle Schools • Bike to School Day
Partnerships That Work
• “It’s Bike-ademic” Game
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• Why the focus on Blair High School? • PRSA: 39% of pedestrian crashes involved individuals under age 20 • Pedestrian survey: approximately 60% of respondents were high school students • Well defined audience/demographic • Formed working group to develop campaign concepts: • Blair High School Students • School Administration and Staff • PTSA Representative
Partnerships That Work
Working with High Schools
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Four Corners: The Blair Walk Project
Partnerships That Work
SWAG Bracelets “Best Eyes” Contest Text Message Contest Train-the-Trainer
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High School Students as Partners • Bike rodeo is a clinic to teach children the skills and precautions to ride a bicycle safely. Train-the-Trainer • High School students are trained to conduct the simulation and assist with bike rodeo activities at various events.
Partnerships That Work
Crosswalk Simulation and Bike Rodeos • Simulated real world experience of crossing a street.
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Partnerships That Work
Road Safety Projects
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Age Distribution of Pedestrians at Fault Between 10 and 29 Years of Age (2010 – 2013) 18
22%
25%
22%
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 10
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15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
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25
26
27
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Age of Pedestrian at Fault
The data support outreach and enforcement aimed especially at high school aged youth. Other age groups in the 10 to 29 year old range should be targeted as well.
Partnerships That Work
Number of Collisions
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31%
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Partnerships That Work
YOLO – You Only Live Once
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Partnerships That Work
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Partnerships That Work
Partnerships That Work
Pedestrian Safety Website
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During the DOT session the students had a chance to design a street plan that could move citizens safely through a major thorough fare.
• Students from the Bethesda Chevy Chase HS Pedestrian Safety Group joined other students from around the area at the YMCA Youth and Government Summit in DC to learn about legislation in key areas of city planning and management. • During the breakout session with the Police Department, students learned about legislation that affects bicyclists and pedestrians, ways the legislation is enforced and the overall plan to keep people safe.
Partnerships That Work
Beyond the School Walls
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Things to Remember…
• Ensure a broad-based, inclusive partnership. • Don’t wait for all partners to get on board before moving forward. • Secure a commitment to collaboration.
Partnerships That Work
• Building partnerships take a lot of effort.
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More Things to Remember…
• Seeking support and involvement from diverse and non-traditional partners • Build trust among collaborators • Develop learning opportunities for partners
Partnerships That Work
• Focus must remain on the delivery of a successful program of work.
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Nadji Kirby, Safe Routes to School Coordinator Montgomery County Department of Transportation
[email protected] 240-777-7169 www.montgomerycountymd.gov/walk
Partnerships That Work
THANK YOU!
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Thank you!
Please complete and return the session evaluation.
