202 — OT Introduction Virginia Beach Theological Seminary Virginia Beach, VA
COURSE SYLLABUS
Instructor: Office: Home: E-Mail: Website: Office Hours:
Kyle C. Dunham, ThD 757.479.3706 x321 757.227.4627
[email protected] https://vbts.populiweb.com/ Tuesday–Thursday, 2:00–3:00 PM
Term: Class Meeting Day: Class Meeting Hours: Class Location: Online:
Fall 2013 Thursday 9:15AM–12:30PM Room 107 VBTS Populi
I.
WELCOME! Welcome, students, to 202 Old Testament Introduction. This class will provide an opportunity to examine the Old Testament (Hebrew Scriptures) with a view to its historical-cultural setting, ANE backgrounds, text, canonicity, literary genres, structure, composition, and theology. We will learn how the OT Scriptures, which constitute nearly 80% of our Bible, are the indispensable foundation to a proper appreciation of New Testament revelation, and ultimately, of the gospel itself. I look forward to our time together!
II.
COURSE DESCRIPTION This three credit-hour resident course provides special introduction intended to equip the student with a preliminary grasp of the history, literature, theology, backgrounds, structure, and text of the Hebrew Bible.
III.
COURSE RATIONALE One writer recently has indicted the church’s pervasive neglect of the Old Testament as “Functional Marcionism,” alluding to the second-century heretic, Marcion, who along with several other doctrinal aberrations rejected the Old Testament canon for its alleged inferiority to the New (Daniel L. Gard, “The Church’s Scripture and Functional Marcionism,” Concordia Theological Quarterly 74 [Jul–Oct 2010]: 209–24). Others have pointed to the persistent and glaring omission of the Old Testament in the contemporary life of the church by citing its failure to recognize the “abiding relevance” of the Hebrew Scriptures as divine revelation (Eugene H. Merrill, Mark F. Rooker, and Michael A. Grisanti, The World and the Word: An Introduction to the Old Testament [Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2011], p. 4). In line with these perspectives, it is our contention that the church has disregarded the OT to its own loss and ultimately to its shame. This course will seek in small part to reverse this indifference by introducing the student to this rich repository of biblical truth and to the life and world of ancient Israel as promulgated primarily through its sacred texts, the Old Testament Scriptures. In his classic work of a generation ago entitled An Introduction to the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1958), Edward J. Young defined special introduction as “that science or discipline which treats of certain subjects that are preliminary to the study and interpretation of the contents of the Bible” (p. 17). The thrust of this course follows the same trajectory. Rather than a survey of individual books, we will focus upon issues that concern the OT canon as a whole, including backgrounds, text,
2 composition, transmission, literary forms, and theology. As a result, the student will acquire a surer foundation for approaching the Old Testament on the micro and macro levels. IV.
LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. The student will become familiar with the issues surrounding ANE backgrounds to the Old Testament. 2. The student will relate the history of ancient Israel to a proper interpretation of the Old Testament. 3. The student will grasp the issues surrounding the composition and canonicity of the Old Testament. 4. The student will understand past and present approaches to historical-critical OT scholarship. 5. The student will evaluate issues related to structure and theology within the OT canon.
V.
REQUIRED TEXTBOOKS Merrill, Eugene H., Mark F. Rooker, and Michael A. Grisanti, The World and the Word: An Introduction to the Old Testament. Nashville: B&H Academic, 2011. (primary) Oswalt, John N. The Bible Among the Myths: Unique Revelation or Just Ancient Literature? Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009. (supplementary) Walton, John H. Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2006. (supplementary)
VI.
COURSE ATTENDANCE AND PARTICIPATION One week of class (or 3 classroom hours) may be missed without academic penalty. One point will be deducted from the final grade for each additional hour of class that is missed (outside of extenuating circumstances). Three class tardies will register as one hour of missed class. Failure to attend 70% of the course (roughly 30 hours of class) will result in failure of the course. Along with attendance, students are expected to participate in lecture discussions rising from the weekly reading assignments.
VII.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS The following categories comprise the course requirements. 1.
Course reading. In addition to the reading of the three required textbooks, the student is expected by the end of the semester to read a minimum of 500 pages from quality scholarly sources (including journal articles, dictionary articles, monographs, and other approbatory sources and using the course bibliography as exemplary of the types of sources to be used). The student will submit a reading report using the template provided by the professor. The course reading is due Thursday, December 12, and accounts for 15% of the student’s final grade.
2.
Term paper. The student will write one (1) minimum twelve-page term paper. The paper will be double-spaced and must conform to the VBTS “Guidelines for Papers and Theses” (5th ed.) available on VBTS Populi. The paper must utilize a minimum of twenty-five quality scholarly sources and treat a topic pertinent to OT introduction. Possible paper topics might include “The Relationship of the Code of Hammurabi to Mosaic Law,” “Canaanite Baal Worship as Background to Elijah’s Prophetic Ministry,” “An Appraisal of the Canonical Approach to OT Studies,” or “Sacred Space as a Vital Component in the Theology of Leviticus.” The term paper is due Thursday, December 5, and accounts for 30% of the student’s final grade.
3.
Book reviews. The student will write two (2) minimum one-page, single-spaced book reviews of the supplemental course textbooks by Oswalt and Walton. The book reviews must incorporate the following three elements: (1) a brief overview of the book, (2) a summary of the author’s argument, and (3) a conclusion regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the book. Each of these three elements should be identified by a distinct heading within your reviews. The review of
3 Oswalt is due Thursday, October 3, and the review of Walton is due Thursday, October 31. The book reviews account for 20% of the student’s final grade (10% each).
VIII.
4.
Weekly quizzes. The student will take a weekly quiz over the assigned reading of the Merrill, Rooker, and Grisanti primary course textbook (MR&G in the course schedule below). The quizzes will be based largely on the “Study Questions” included at the end of each chapter. Quizzes will be considered late after they have been collected in class by the instructor. In the event a student misses a quiz, the instructor will leave a sealed copy of the quiz in the student’s box. The student will take the quiz without helps, observing the honor code in the VBTS catalog. Quizzes that are late by more than one class period will receive a 10% late penalty. The lowest quiz score will be dropped. The weekly quizzes account for 25% of the student’s final grade.
5.
Class participation. To facilitate a healthy classroom learning environment, the student is expected to participate in the class discussions. Class participation accounts for 10% of the student’s final grade.
COURSE GRADING PROCEDURES 1. Course reading: 2. Term paper: 3. Book reviews: 4. Weekly quizzes: 5. Class participation:
15% of total grade 30% of total grade 20% of total grade 25% of total grade 10% of total grade
The following grading scale and criteria is used in the evaluation of all course work (see the VBTS Catalog): 96-100 (4.0 / A) Outstanding work: superior achievement of course objectives 94-95 (3.7 / A-) ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 92-93 (3.3 / B+) Good work: commendable achievement of course objectives 89-91 (3.0 / B) 87-88 (2.7 / B-) ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 85-86 (2.3 / C+) Acceptable work: satisfactory achievement of course objectives 81-84 (2.0 / C ) 79-80 (1.7 / C-) ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 77-78 ( 1.3 / D+) Minimal work: marginal achievement of course objectives 72-76 (1.0 / D) 70-71 (0.7 / D-) ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 0-69 (0.0 / F) Failure: unacceptable work IX.
COURSE SUPPORT Course materials can be accessed at www.vbts.edu under the “Populi” icon. If you have questions about this course, either in general or specific, as to how assignments should be completed or anything of a course nature, please contact me by e-mail:
[email protected] or by phone (see contact details above). If you need support for anything related to using Populi or experience any log-in problems, please contact the iSchool administrator by calling the office at (757) 479-3706 or e-mail via
[email protected].
4 X.
COURSE SCHEDULE
Week
Date
1
8/29
2
9/5
3
9/12
4
9/19
5
9/26
6
10/3
7
10/10
8
10/17
9
10/24
10
10/31
11
11/7
Job, Psalms, Proverbs
MR&G, Chapters 32-38
12
11/14
Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Lamentations
MR&G, Chapters 39-41
13
11/21
No Class -- National ETS Meeting
14
11/28
No Class -- Thanksgiving Break
15
12/5
16
12/12
XI.
Lecture Topic
Reading Due
Writing Due
Quiz
Introduction, syllabus, and the OT Historical and Cultural Setting ANE Backgrounds, OT Composition and Canonicity Transmission, Textual Criticism, Historical-Critical Studies
MR&G, Chapters 1-3
MR&G, Chapters 1-3
MR&G, Chapters 4-6
MR&G, Chapters 4-6
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus
MR&G, Chapters 7-9
Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua Judges, Ruth, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kings 1 & 2 Chronicles, EzraNehemiah, Esther Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
Introduction to OT theology Course Wrap-Up and Review
MR&G, Chapters 10-12 MR&G, Chapters 13-15
Book review of Oswalt
MR&G, Chapters 16-19 MR&G, Chapters 20-22 MR&G, Chapters 23-26 MR&G, Chapters 27-31
Book review of Walton
MR&G, Chapters 7-9 MR&G, Chapters 10-12 MR&G, Chapters 13-15 MR&G, Chapters 16-19 MR&G, Chapters 20-22 MR&G, Chapters 22-26 MR&G, Chapters 27-31 MR&G, Chapters 32-38 MR&G, Chapters 39-41
Term paper due MR&G, Chapters 42-44
Reading report due
MR&G, Chapters 42-44
SELECTED COURSE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aharoni, Yohan. The Archaeology of the Land of Israel. Translated by Anson F. Rainey. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1982. Aharoni, Yohanan, Michael Avi-Yonah, Anson F. Rainey, and Zeev Safrai, eds. The Carta Bible Atlas. New York: Macmillan, 2002. Ahlström, Gösta W., and Gary O. Rollefson. The History of Ancient Palestine from the Palaeolithic Period to Alexander's Conquest. Edited by Diana Edelman. JSOT Supplement Series 146. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993. Alexander, T. Desmond. From Eden to the New Jerusalem: An Introduction to Biblical Theology. Grand Rapids:
5 Kregel, 2009. ———. From Paradise to the Promised Land: An Introduction to the Pentateuch. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2012. Alter, Robert. The Art of Biblical Narrative. New York: Basic Books, 1981. ———. The Art of Biblical Poetry. New York: Basic Books, 1985. ———. The World of Biblical Literature. New York: Basic Books, 1992. Amit, Yairah. Reading Biblical Narratives: Literary Criticism and the Hebrew Bible. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001. Anderson, Bernard W. Contours of Old Testament Theology. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1999. Archer, Jr., Gleason. A Survey of Old Testament Introduction. Revised edition. Chicago: Moody, 1994. Arnold, Bill T. and Bryan E. Beyer. Encountering the Old Testament: A Christian Survey. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2008. Baker, David W., and Bill T. Arnold. The Face of Old Testament Studies: A Survey of Contemporary Approaches. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1999. Bar-Efrat, Shimon. Narrative Art in the Bible. Bible and Literature Series 17. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1989. Barr, James. The Concept of Biblical Theology: An Old Testament Perspective. London: SCM, 1999. Bartholomew, Craig G., and David J. H. Beldman. Hearing the Old Testament: Listening for God’s Address. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012. Bartholomew, Craig G., and Ryan O’Dowd. Old Testament Wisdom Literature: A Theological Introduction. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2011. Beckwith, Roger. The Old Testament Canon of the New Testament Church. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985. Beitzel, Barry J., Barry L. Bandstra, Loretta Barnard, and Laurie Whiddon. Biblica the Bible Atlas: A Social and Historical Journey Through the Lands of the Bible. Hauppage, NY: Barron’s Educational Series, 2006. Benjamin, Don C. The Old Testament Story. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2004. Berlin, Adele. Poetics and Interpretation of Biblical Narrative. Sheffield, UK: Almond, 1983. Beyerlin, W., ed. Near Eastern Religious Texts Relating to the Old Testament. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1978. Birch, Bruce C., Walter Brueggemann, Terence E. Fretheim, and David L. Petersen. A Theological Introduction to the Old Testament. 2nd edition. Nashville: Abingdon, 2005. Blair, Judit M. De-Demonising the Old Testament: An Investigation of Azazel, Lilith, Qeteb, and Reshef in the Hebrew Bible. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, 2012. Block, Daniel I., Bryan H. Cribb, and Gregory S. Smith eds. Israel: Ancient Kingdom or Late Invention? Nashville: B&H Academic, 2008. Briggs, Richard S., and Joel N. Lohr, eds. A Theological Introduction to the Pentateuch: Interpreting the Torah as Christian Scripture. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2012. Bright, John. A History of Israel. 4th ed. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2000. Brotzman, Elliott. Old Testament Textual Textual Criticism: A Practical Introduction. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994. Broyles, Craig C., ed. Interpreting the Old Testament. A Guide for Exegesis. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2001. ———. Old Testament Theology: An Introduction. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2008. ———. Theology of the Old Testament: Testimony, Dispute, Advocacy. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1997. Brueggemann, Walter, and Tod Linafelt. An Introduction to the Old Testament: The Canon and Christian Imagination. 2nd ed. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2012. Carr, David M. An Introduction to the Old Testament: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts of the Hebrew Bible. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Childs, Brevard S. Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1979. ———. Old Testament Theology in a Canonical Context. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1986. Collins, John J. Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2004. Coogan, Michael D. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Dick, Michael B. Reading the Old Testament: An Inductive Introduction. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2008. Dictionary of the Old Testament. 4 vols. IVP Bible Dictionary Series. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2002–12. Dillard, Raymond and Tremper Longman III. An Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994. Drane, John. Introducing the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2011. Dumbrell, William J. The Faith of Israel: A Theological Survey of the Old Testament. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker,
6 2002. Dyer, Charles H., Eugene H. Merrill, Charles Swindoll, and Roy B. Zuck. Nelson’s Old Testament Survey: Discover the Background, Theology, and Meaning of Every Book in the Old Testament. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2001. Eichrodt, Walther. Theology of the Old Testament. 2 vols. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1961-67. Eissfeldt, Otto. The Old Testament: An Introduction. Translated by P.R. Ackroyd. New York: Harper and Row, 1965. Evans, Craig A. and Emanuel Tov, eds. Exploring the Origins of the Bible: Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2008. Firth, David G., and Philip Johnston. Interpreting Deuteronomy: Issues and Approaches. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2012. Fohrer, Georg. Introduction to the Old Testament. Translated by D. E. Green. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1968. Fokkelman, J. P. Reading Biblical Poetry. An Introductory Guide. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001. ———. Reading Biblical Narrative: An Introductory Guide. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1999. Frendo, Anthony J. Pre-Exilic Israel, the Hebrew Bible, and Archaeology: Integrating Text and Artifact. New York: T. & T. Clark, 2011. Goldingay, John. Old Testament Theology: Israel’s Gospel, Volume One. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2003. ———. Old Testament Theology: Israel’s Faith, Volume Two. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2006. ———. Old Testament Theology: Israel’s Life, Volume Three. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2009. Grudem, Wayne A., C. John Collins, and Thomas Schreiner. Introducing Scripture: A Guide to the Old and New Testaments. Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2012. Hallo, William W. and K. Lawson Younger, Jr., eds. The Context of Scripture. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1997–2002. Hallo, William W., and William K. Simpson. The Ancient Near East: A History. 2nd edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1997. Harrison, R. K. An Old Testament Introduction. Reprint ed. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2004. Hasel, Gerhard Old Testament Theology: Basic Issues in the Current Debate. 4th ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995. Hays, J. Richard, and Tremper Longman. Message of the Prophets: A Survey of the Prophetic and Apocalyptic Books of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2010. Hess, Richard S. Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2007. Hess, Richard S., Gerald A. Klingbeil, and Paul J. Ray Jr. eds. Critical Issues in Early Israelite History. Bulletin for Biblical Research Supplement 3. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2008. Hess, Richard S., and Gordon Wenham, eds. Zion, City of Our God. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999. Hess, Richard S., and M. Daniel Carroll R., eds. Family in the Bible: Exploring Customs, Culture, and Context. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2003. ———. Israel's Messiah in the Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2003. Hill, Andrew E., and John H. Walton. A Survey of the Old Testament. 3rd edition. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009. Hindson, Edward E., and Gary E. Yates. The Essence of the Old Testament: A Survey. Nashville: B&H Academic, 2012. Hoerth, Alfred, Gerald Mattingly, and Edwin Yamauchi, eds. Peoples of the Old Testament World. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994. Hoerth, Alfred. Archaeology and the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998. Hoffmeier, James, K. and Alan Millard, eds. The Future of Biblical Archaeology: Reassessing Methodologies and Assumptions. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004. House, Paul R. Old Testament Survey. Nashville: Broadman, 1992. ———. Old Testament Theology. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1998. Jobes, Karen H. and Moisés Silva, Invitation to the Septuagint. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2000. Kaiser, Walter C., Jr. The Old Testament Documents: Are They Reliable and Relevant? Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2001. ———. Toward an Old Testament Theology. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978. Kemp, Barry J. Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. 2nd edition. New York: Routledge, 1991. King, Philip J., and Lawrence E. Stager. Life in Biblical Israel. Library of Ancient Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001. Kitchen, Kenneth A. On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003. Klingbeil, Gerald A. Bridging the Gap: Ritual and Ritual Texts in the Bible. BBRS 1. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2007.
7 LaSor, William S., David A. Hubbard, and Frederic W. Bush. Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996 Leithart, Peter J. A House for My Name: A Survey of the Old Testament. Moscow, ID: Canon Press, 2000. Lemche, Niels P. The Old Testament Between Theology and History: A Critical Survey. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2008. Levin, Christoph. The Old Testament: A Brief Introduction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005. Long, V. Philips, David W. Baker, and Gordon J. Wenham, eds. Windows into Old Testament History: Evidence, Argument, and the Crisis of “Biblical Israel.” Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002. Long, V. Philips. Israel's Past in Present Research: Essays on Ancient Israelite Historiography. SBTS 7. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1999. ———. The Art of Biblical History. Foundations of Contemporary Interpretation vol. 5. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994. Longman, Tremper, and Raymond B. Dillard. A Quick Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2012. Martens, Elmer A. God’s Design: A Focus on Old Testament Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1981. Mathews, Victor H. A Brief History of Ancient Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2002. McConville, J. G., and P. E. Satterthwaite. Exploring the Old Testament: A Guide to the Historical Books. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2007. McLaughlin, John L. The Ancient Near East: An Essential Guide. Nashville: Abingdon, 2012. Merrill, Eugene H. An Historical Survey of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1991. ———. Kingdom of Priests: A History of Old Testament Israel. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2008. Meyers, Eric M., ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. 5 vols. Oxford: Oxford University, 1997. Millard, Alan R., James K. Hoffmeier, and David W. Baker, eds. Faith, Tradition, and History: Old Testament Historiography in Its Near Eastern Context. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1994. Miller, J. Maxwell and John H. Hayes. A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. 2nd edition. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2006. Moyer, James C., and Victor H. Matthews. The Old Testament: Text and Context. 3rd revised ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2012. Nigosian, S. A. Magic and Divination in the Old Testament. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2008. Nissinen, Martti. Prophets and Prophecy in the Ancient Near East. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003. Ollenburger, Ben C. Old Testament Theology: Flowering and Future. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2004. Ollenburger, Ben C., Elmer A. Martens, and Gerhard F. Hasel, eds. The Flowering of Old Testament Theology: A Reader in Twentieth-Century Old Testament Theology. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1992. Preuss, Horst D. Old Testament Theology. 2 vols. OTL. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1995-6. Pritchard, James B., ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. Provan, Iain, V. Philips Long, and Tremper Longman III. A Biblical History of Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2003. Rainey, Anson F. and R. Steven Notley. The Sacred Bridge. Carta's Atlas of the Biblical World. Jerusalem: Carta, 2006. Rasmussen, Carl G. Zondervan Atlas of the Bible. Revised ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2010. Römer, Thomas. The So-Called Deuteronomistic History: A Sociological, Historical and Literary Introduction. New York: T & T Clark, 2005. Routledge, Robin. Old Testament Theology: A Thematic Approach. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2009. Ryken, Leland and Tremper Longman III, eds. A Complete Literary Guide to the Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993. Sailhammer, John H. Introduction to Old Testament Theology: A Canonical Approach. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995. Sasson, Jack M. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. 4 vols. New York: Scribner, 1995. Satterthwaite, Philip E., Richard S. Hess, and Gordon J. Wenham, eds. The Lord's Anointed: Interpretation of Old Testament Messianic Texts. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1995. Sauer, Erich. The Dawn of World Redemption: A Survey of Historical Revelation in the Old Testament. London:
8 Paternoster, 1951. Schmidt, Werner H. Old Testament Introduction. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1999. Schultz, Samuel J., and Gary V. Smith. Exploring the Old Testament. Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2001. Shanks, Hershel, ed. Ancient Israel. From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple. Revised edition. Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1999. Smith, Ralph L. Old Testament Theology: Its History, Method, and Message. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1993. Soggin, J. Alberto, A History of Ancient Israel: From Beginnings to the Bar Kochba Revolt, A.D. 135. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1985. ———. Introduction to the Old Testament. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1989. Sparks, Kenton L. Ancient Texts for the Study of the Hebrew Bible: A Guide to the Background Literature. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2005. Sternberg, Meir. The Poetics of Biblical Narrative: Ideological Literature and the Drama of Reading. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1985. Sweeney, Marvin A. Tanak: A Theological and Critical Introduction to the Jewish Bible. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2011. Terrien, Samuel. The Elusive Presence: Toward a New Biblical Theology. New York: Harper and Row, 1978. Thiele, Edwin R. A Chronology of the Hebrew Kings. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983. Tov Emmanuel. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible. 3rd edition. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2011. ———. The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research. Revised edition. Jerusalem Biblical Studies volume 8. Jerusalem: Simor, 1997. Van de Mieroop, Marc. A History of the Ancient Near East: ca. 3000-323 BC. Second edition. Malden, MA: WileyBlackwell, 2006. Vanhoozer, Kevin J., ed. Theological Interpretation of the Old Testament: A Book-by-Book Survey. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2008. Von Rad, Gerhard. Old Testament Theology. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Row, 1962-65. Waltke, Bruce K., and Charles Yu. An Old Testament Theology: An Exegetical, Canonical, and Thematic Approach. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2007. Walton, John H., ed. Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary: Old Testament. 5 volumes. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009 Wood, Leon J. A Survey of Israel’s History. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970. Würthwein, Ernst. The Text of the Old Testament. 2nd revised ed. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995. Wyatt, N. Religious Texts from Ugarit: The Words of Ilimilku and His Colleagues. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998. Youngblood, Ronald F. The Heart of the Old Testament: A Survey of Key Theological Themes. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998. Zimmerli, Walther. Old Testament Theology in Outline. Atlanta: John Knox, 1978. Zuck, Roy B., ed. A Biblical Theology of the Old Testament. Chicago: Moody, 1991.
