Architectural Styles II

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Architectural Styles by Paul Ross Wallach Introduction . . . . . Primitive . . . . . . . . Classical . . . . . . . . English Cotswald . . . . . . Tudor . . . . . . . . Elizabethan . . . . Georgian . . . . . . Regency . . . . . . . Victorian . . . . . . Queen Anne . . . . Spanish Spanish Colonial Mission . . . . . . . Adobe . . . . . . . . Monterey . . . . . .

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French French Normandy . French Provincial . French Farmhouse New Orleans . . . . . Mansard . . . . . . .

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Italian Italianate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Richardsonian Romanesque 23

Early American Pennsylvania Dutch Colonial Garrison Colonial . . . . . . . . Log Cabin Colonial . . . . . . . New England Colonial . . . . . Salt Box Colonial . . . . . . . . Early American Farmhouse . Federal Colonial . . . . . . . . . Cape Code Colonial . . . . . . . Adam Colonial . . . . . . . . . . Cape Ann Colonial . . . . . . . Southern Colonial . . . . . . . . Contemporary American Atrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bermuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Craftsman . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prairie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Functionalism . . . . . . . . . . Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29 30 30 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 41 42 44 46 46 48

Swiss Swiss Chalet . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Greek Greek Revival . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Dutch Dutch Colonial . . . . . . . . . . 26 German Bavarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Western European Gothic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Asian Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

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English

ELIZABETHAN (Jacobean, Half Timber) 1550-1650 The reign of Elizabeth I saw the rise of an affluent merchant class and greater social stability. For the first time, dwellings were designed more for comfort than for defense. Elizabethan architecture is a mixture of Gothic and Tudor styles.

• Large mansion with a rugged appearance • Informal, rambling plan • 2 or 2-1/2 stories • Segments of jettied (cantilevered) second floor with supports at corners • Exterior siding materials – brick veneer, stucco, stone

• Herringbone, Flemish, and English bond brick patterns used as nogging between timbers • Exposed heavy rough timbers (spaced apart further than the Tudor style) • Heavy door construction

• Front entry designed with pilasters and entablatures (beam support by the pilasters) • Large bay windows • Tall narrow windows with small leaded diamond panes • Various cornice levels • Steep hip roof Steep, pitched roof Nogging

• Steep asymmetrical gable roof with irregular gable projections • Hip or gable roof dormers • Large picturesque chimneys at irregular intervals with decorative chimney pots Heavy timber framing

Massive chimneys

Small leaded glass windows Large bay windows Heavy entry door

This is an example of 17th century half-timbered construction. This style of building was very popular in Europe in the 1800s. The openings between the timbers were filled with wattle, daub, boards, or bricks.

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English

QUEEN ANNE 1875–1915 The colorfully painted Queen Anne style has been described as Victorian run amok. Its unabashed excess, frilly detailing, and eclectic materials were so popular in the late Victorian era that, in the public mind, it is now virtually synonymous with the phrase “Victorian house.”

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Asymmetrical plan Portico with square columns and pediment Steeply pitched gable roof with parapets Gable dormers Trusses in gable ends Decorated verge boards Two to three stories Variety of surface textures, materials, and colors Half timbering Patterned wood shingles Various window styles with small panes – bay, Palladian, oriel Delicate turned spindles Cantilevered upper stories Round turrets and towers Large ornate chimney with large cap

Triangular section in top of gable extended forward

Turret

Integral (recessed) porches usually on upper floors Big chimney

Cutaway bay

Pent roof enclosing gable

Band of shingles or trim Overhangs, either real or simulated by trim

Portico with square columns and pediment

Cantilevered wall extension

Brackets accentuating real and false overhangs

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Italian

ITALIANATE 1830-1935 Italianate has its roots in Italian Villa and Italian Renaissance architecture of the 15th century.

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Square tower Symmetrical, square plan Two or three stories Low-pitched Tall, square porch with pillars pyramid roof Flat or low-pitched pyramid roof Parapet or balustrade above eave line Tall cupola or square tower on roof Rounded roof tiles Extended roof overhang Rounded arches over narrow windows Deep cornices with ornate oversized brackets Slender windows with rounded arches or pediments above Balconies with ornate brackets Decorative ironwork Quoins at exterior corners Small chimney

Small chimney

Tall square porch with pillars

The Italianate style often features recessed second-story porches.

Deep cornices Oversized brackets Pediment Quoins

Rounded arches over slender windows

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Balustrade above eave line

Cupola

Flat roof

Asian

JAPANESE 300 A.D.-Present The dimensions of the Japanese house are carefully crafted to make ceilings appear less oppressive and to let in cool breezes and ample sunshine. The primary building material is – and has been for more than 1,700 years – wood. The world’s oldest wooden structure, Horyuji Temple, is in Ikaruga City. It was built in 607 A.D.

• Post-and-beam construction • Sliding exterior and interior walls (Shoji) • Light and delicate design • Natural wood building materials • Large curved roof beams • Deep overhangs • Tile, thatch, or wood shingles • House blends with natural surroundings and garden

Oriental ornamentation

Oriental gardens

Suspended ceiling

Tokonoma (an alcove for displaying a flower arrangement or art)

Main entrance

Shoji (sliding walls)

North windows (grille outside)

Living room

Reception room Entrance hall

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Veranda Tatami (straw matting used as a floor covering)

Early American

EARLY AMERICAN FARMHOUSE 1700s

Steeply pitched roof

The rectangular and symmetrical architecture of the Early American Farmhouse is based on New England’s Colonial and Cape Cod styles.

• Unornamented design • Tall, narrow, double-hung windows with many small panes • Exterior siding is horizontal white clapboard • Centrally located six-panel front door lined with wide, flat boards. (Early style was fastened vertical boards.) • Steeply pitched roof • Very little roof overhang • Corner exteriors covered with a 6" trim board • Large centered chimney

Very little roof overhang

Large centered chimney

Horizontal white clapboard siding

Corner trim board

Six-panel front door

As Americans moved westward, the farmhouse evolved according to locally available building materials and construction techniques, and the needs of the families who built them. It took on an asymmetrical, casual look, with more ornamentation.

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Contemporary American

MODERN 1900–Present • Started with Frank Lloyd Wright and Henry Hobson Richardson • Uses modern building materials and construction techniques • Extensive use of glass • Minimal ornamentation

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Modern American architecture integrates the indoor plan with the outdoor spaces. As Frank Lloyd Wright said, “No house should ever be on a hill or on anything. It should be of the hill. Belonging to it. Hill and house should live together each the happier for the other.“

Glossary

GLOSSARY fan light – a semicircular window Finials

finial – an ornament that terminates the top or a spire or pinnacle gable roof – a roof with two sloping surfaces gambrel roof – similar to a gable roof but with two different pitches on each side

Fan lights

Gambrel roof

Gable roof

half-timber construction – heavy timbers used in post and beam construction. The open areas are filled in with brick, stucco, or wattle. The face of the timber will show in the wall hip roof – a roof with four sloping sides Nogging

jetty – the projecting part of a structure from the face of a wall such as a bay window is said to be jettied

Half-timbered construction

lights – small window panes lintel – a horizontal structural member, such as a beam or stone, that spans an opening, as between the uprights of a door or window or between two columns or piers

Hip roof Lintel

mansard roof – a roof with a flat top with four steep pitched sides modillion – a horizontal bracket under the cornice nogging – rough brick masonry used to fill in the interstices of a wooden frame

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Mansard roof

Modillion