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Chromosomes, Genes & DNA
Learning Guide
genes T
A
G C
G
G
C
A T
A T
C
C
G
proteins
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Table of Contents
Lesson 1 - Chromosomes ........................................................................................................... 2 Lesson 2 - Genes .......................................................................................................................... 3
Lesson 3 - DNA............................................................................................................................ 4 Pause & Review - Chromosomes, Genes & DNA .................................................................. 5
Lesson 4 - Overview: From DNA to Protein ........................................................................... 6 Lesson 5 - DNA Transcription: DNA to RNA ......................................................................... 7 Pause & Review - DNA Transcription: DNA to RNA............................................................ 9 Lesson 6 - Translation: From RNA to Protein ....................................................................... 10 Pause & Review - Translation: From RNA to Protein .......................................................... 12 Lesson 7 - The Genetic Code ................................................................................................... 13 Pause & Review - The Genetic Code ...................................................................................... 14 Lesson 8 - Mutations ................................................................................................................. 15 Pause & Review - The Genetic Code ...................................................................................... 17 Review Activities....................................................................................................................... 18 Investigations - DNA/RNA Structure ................................................................................... 20 Key Vocabulary Terms .............................................................................................................. 22
Vocabulary Review ................................................................................................................... 24 Assessment Review .................................................................................................................. 26
Assessment................................................................................................................................. 28 Assessment Key......................................................................................................................... 30 NGSS Correlations .................................................................................................................... 31
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ISBN 978-1-63212-056-4 Printed in the United States of America.
1
Lesson
1
Chromosomes Pairs of chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell. One chromosome from each pair is inherited from each parent.
nucleus
chromosome
gene gene Cytosine cytosine
Chromosomes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the hereditary material in humans and most other organisms.
C
DNA DNA
The hereditary information in DNA is stored as a code of four nitrogen bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine.
T
Guanine guanine Thymine thymine
10
Human Karyotype
Specific sections of the DNA are called genes. Each gene provides the cell with different information.
chromosome
A
G
What is a Gene?
Each chromosome is made up of many genes. There are about 100,000 genes found on human chromosomes.
Adenine adenine
1
2
3
6
7
8
13
14
15
19
20
9
10
16
gene
4
5
11
12
17
18
or
gene
21
22 XX (female)
XY (male)
In each human body cell, there are 46 chromosomes, existing in 23 pairs.
DNA strand
2
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Lesson
2
Genes
gene gene
Function of a Gene
Each gene along a strand of DNA has the information to tell the cell to produce a specific protein.
T T A C A A T G
A gene is made up of a particular sequence of DNA bases. This sequence acts as a code for a protein.
G
C
T
G C C
A
G
DNA protein protein
What Is a Trait?
earlobe shape free attached
attached free
The production of different proteins determines the traits of an organism. A trait is an inherited characteristic. Genes that exist in alternate forms are called alleles. The gene that determines earlobe shape exists in two alleles—one results in an attached earlobe and the other a free earlobe.
alleles alleles A b C d
A B c D
a b C d
a B c D
E
e
E
e
f
F G h i
f
g H I
g H I
F G h i
j
J
j
J
Human Blood Groups Blood Group
Genotype (alleles - IA,IB,i)
Blood Group
Genotype (alleles - IA,IB,i)
A
IAIA or IAi
AB
IAIB
B
IBIB or IBi
O
ii
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Multiple Alleles
Some genes have more than two, or multiple alleles. The human ABO blood group gene has three alleles that can combine into four types of blood groups.
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3
Lesson
3
DNA DNA Shape and Composition
Double-stranded DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) has a twisted ladder-like shape called a double helix. Each DNA strand is composed of a series of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base— adenine (A), guanine(G), cytosine(C), or thymine(T).
phosphate
DNA double helix
sugar nitrogen base
A
The nitrogen bases pair with each other, adenine nucleotide with thymine and cytosine with guanine. These are called complementary base pairs.
Replication
T
C G
Template DNA Template DNA
G T T C A G
Role of DNA in Replication new New DNA DNA
Transcription C A A G T C Role of DNA in Transcription
The sequence of these DNA nitrogen bases provides a code. The code serves as a template when DNA is copied in a process called replication.
Template DNA Template DNA
G T T C A G
In a similar process called transcription, the DNA code is used to make RNA (ribonucleic acid).
RNA RNA
C A A G T C 4
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Pause and Review Create a picture or diagram that shows the relationship between chromosomes, genes, DNA, and nitrogen bases.
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5
Lesson
4
Overview: From DNA to Protein Protein Formation
Proteins in cells act as messengers and help to determine the traits of an organism such as the different shapes, sizes, colors and other features found in living organisms. To make a protein, a gene’s DNA sequence is transcribed to a strand of RNA. Then the RNA is translated into a chain of amino acids by a ribosome, and a protein is formed.
DNA
6
Transcription
RNA
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Translation
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Protein
Lesson
5
DNA Transcription: DNA to RNA DNA Information
The information from DNA (chromosomes) in the nucleus must be transported into the cytoplasm where protein synthesis takes place.
DNA
nucleus
cytoplasm protein
Process of Transcription
chromosome
During the process of transcription a DNA gene sequence is copied to a single RNA (ribonucleic acid) strand called a messenger RNA, or mRNA.
nucleus
DNA unwinds
Transcription starts when doublestranded DNA unwinds and exposes a sequence of nitrogen bases.
DNA A new strand of complementary bases forms to create mRNA.
mRNA
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7
DNA Transcription: DNA to RNA DNA G
T
C
T
A
A
A U
A U
uracil
C
A
A
T
T
G C
C G
mRNA C
G
RNA Contains Uracil, Not Thymine
The structure of RNA is similar to DNA, but it uses the nitrogen base uracil instead of thymine.
thymine
DNA
RNA Travels to the Cytoplasm
The messenger RNA carries the code to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
cytoplasm
DNA
ribosome mRNA nucleus 8
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Pause and Review Illustrate and describe the process of transcription that occurs in the nucleus. Include information about the structure of DNA and RNA.
_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson
6
Translation: from RNA to Protein What Is Translation?
The process of converting the coded information on the messenger RNA to a protein is called translation.
nucleus
The mRNA travels through a nuclear pore to the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome.
cytoplasm nuclear pores
mRNA
cytoplasm
The ribosome moves along the mRNA strand, translating the code. Three sequential mRNA bases form a triplet code for a particular amino acid. Each triplet is called a codon.
ribosome
U G C G A A G C U A A U A U U C G U A U U U C
mRNA
10
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codon
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amino acid
tRNA
Transfer RNA
Another type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) carries specific amino acids.
A A G
Every tRNA has an anticodon region that is complementary toAa U specific codon on the mRNA.
anticodon U G C G A A G C U A U A U U U C A U U C
mRNA
codon
Each time a tRNA anticodon and codon pair, an amino acid is added to a chain that eventually forms a specific protein.
A G U A A G
Many tRNA molecules and ribosomes work together at the same time along one strand of mRNA.
A U A U G C G A A G C U A U A U U U C A U A U U C
codon
amino acid chain
A A G U G C G A A G C U A U A U U U C A U A U U C
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11
Pause and Review Show the sequence of steps in the process of making a protein.
12
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Methionine
7
Lesson
Valine Valine Valine Valine
G
The Genetic Code What Is the Genetic Code?
The correspondence between the RNA triplets or codons and specific amino acids that are used to form a particular protein is called the genetic code. For example, the triplet code UUC on a messenger RNA always pairs with the transfer RNA (AAG) that carries the amino acid phenylalanine.
U U C
Genetic Code Table
The Genetic Code table is shown below. To find the codon UUC start with the left column (1), then go across the top (2), and then down the right column (3). UUC corresponds to the amino acid phenylalanine. The genetic code is the same in nearly all organisms.
2
TheThe Genetic Code Table Genetic Code
U 1
C
A
G
U
Phenylalanine Phenylalanine Leucine Leucine
Serine Serine Serine Serine
Tyrosine Tyrosine Stop Stop
Cysteine Cysteine Stop Tryptophan
U C A G
C
Leucine Leucine Leucine Leucine
Proline Proline Proline Proline
Histidine Histidine Glutamine Glutamine
Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine
U C A G
A
Isoleucine Isoleucine Isoleucine Methionine
Threonine Threonine Threonine Threonine
Asparagine Asparagine Lysine Lysine
Serine Serine Arginine Arginine
U C A G
G
Valine Valine Valine Valine
Alanine Alanine Alanine Alanine
Aspartic acid Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Glutamic acid
Glycine Glycine Glycine Glycine
U C A G
3
U U C © Copyright NewPath Learning
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13
Pause and Review
Use the Genetic Code Table below to find the amino acids that correspond to the following codons: UUC _______________________________
CUU _______________________________
UCA _______________________________
CGA _______________________________
UAC _______________________________
AUC _______________________________
CUG _______________________________
AAA _______________________________
CCG _______________________________
AGG _______________________________
CAG _______________________________
GUG _______________________________
GCG _______________________________
GGU _______________________________
The Genetic Code Table The Genetic Code
U
14
C
A
G
U
Phenylalanine Phenylalanine Leucine Leucine
Serine Serine Serine Serine
Tyrosine Tyrosine Stop Stop
Cysteine Cysteine Stop Tryptophan
U C A G
C
Leucine Leucine Leucine Leucine
Proline Proline Proline Proline
Histidine Histidine Glutamine Glutamine
Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine
U C A G
A
Isoleucine Isoleucine Isoleucine Methionine
Threonine Threonine Threonine Threonine
Asparagine Asparagine Lysine Lysine
Serine Serine Arginine Arginine
U C A G
G
Valine Valine Valine Valine
Alanine Alanine Alanine Alanine
Aspartic acid Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Glutamic acid
Glycine Glycine Glycine Glycine
U C A G
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Lesson
8
DNA Mutations What Is a Mutation?
A mutation is a change that occurs in a gene or chromosome that can cause incorrect or different proteins to be made and alter an organism’s normal trait.
chromosome gene DNA strand mutation incorrect protein made
Types of Mutations
A mutation in the DNA can occur when a single base pair is changed, removed, or added. Mutations can also happen when large sections of DNA are altered.
Types of DNA Mutations tion itu
t bs
su A T
G
C
T
T
C
G
A
A
original DNA sequence
deletion
ad
di
tio
n
A
G
A
T
T
T
C
T
A
A
a base pair is changed A
G
T
T
T
C
A
A
a base pair is removed A
G
C
C
T
T
T
C
G
G
A
A
a base pair is added © Copyright NewPath Learning
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15
Chromosome Mutations Mutations During Meiosis
Other mutations happen when the chromosomes don’t separate properly during meiosis. Sex cells can end up with more or less than the normal number of chromosomes.
Meiosis Meiosis
mutation occurs
Harmful and Helpful Mutations
Mutations are harmful if they decrease an organism’s ability to survive or reproduce. Other mutations can be helpful. Mutations are often inherited and introduce changes in a species.
Harmful coloration
Albino deer
16
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Helpful camouflage
Peppered moth
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Pause and Review Research the following diseases caused by genetic mutations and explain how the incorrect production of proteins affects the body.
Sickle Cell Anemia ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
Muscular Dystrophy ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
Cystic Fibrosis ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright NewPath Learning
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17
Review Activity - DNA Structure Use the terms below to label the structures correctly. chromosome DNA
nucleotide
sugar
phosphate group
gene
18
hydrogen bonds
nitrogen base
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Review Activity - Translation Use the terms below to label the structures correctly. mRNA
codon
amino acid ribosome
tRNA
anticodon
amino acid chain
G A U
A A G U G C G A A G C U A U A U U U C A U A U U C
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19
Investigation - DNA Replication Complete the replicated strand of DNA. Follow the template to draw in the correct sugars and nitrogen bases. The first strand has been started for you.
NITROGEN BASES G
C
A
U
T
phosphate
DNA template
C
A
C
T
G
deoxyribose
G
ribose
C
G
DNA strand
20
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A
Investigation - Transcription Complete the strand of mRNA. Follow the template to draw in the correct sugars and nitrogen bases. The first strand has been started for you.
NITROGEN BASES C
G
A
U
T
phosphate
DNA template
C
A
C
T
G
deoxyribose
G
C
ribose
A
G
mRNA strand
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21
Key Vocabulary Terms allele
DNA
different forms of a gene alleles alleles
A B c D
e
F G h i
J
a b C d
E
f
j
amino acids building blocks of protein molecules
g H I
DNA
gene
gene amino acid chain
anticodon
a triplet of nitrogen bases on transfer RNA that is complementary to a codon on messenger RNA
nucleus
deoxyribonucleic acid; genetic material within the nucleus
the sequence of DNA that codes for a specific trait
protein
The Gentic Code Table 2 The Genetic Code
genetic code tRNA
anticodon
the correspondence1 between RNA triplets and specific amino acids that are used to form a particular protein
U
C
A
G
U
Phenylalanine Phenylalanine Leucine Leucine
Serine Serine Serine Serine
Tyrosine Tyrosine Stop Stop
Cysteine Cysteine Stop Tryptophan
U C A G
C
Leucine Leucine Leucine Leucine
Proline Proline Proline Proline
Histidine Histidine Glutamine Glutamine
Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine
U C A G
A
Isoleucine Isoleucine Isoleucine Methionine
Threonine Threonine Threonine Threonine
Asparagine Asparagine Lysine Lysine
Serine Serine Arginine Arginine
U C A G
G
Valine Valine Valine Valine
Alanine Alanine Alanine Alanine
Aspartic acid Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Glutamic acid
Glycine Glycine Glycine Glycine
U C A G
U U C
chromosome
mRNA
a structure of coiled DNA that forms in the cell’s nucleus prior to mitosis
nucleus
messenger ribonucleic acid; carries a code for producing proteins in the cell mRNA amino acid
codon
sequence of three nucleotides on messenger RNA that code for the production of a specific amino acid
22
mutation
a change that takes place on a gene or a chromosome
tRNA
Types of DNA Mutations tion A
G
C
T
T
T
C
G
A
A
original DNA sequence
mRNA codon © Copyright NewPath Learning
u
tit
bs
su
deletion
ad
di
tio
n
A
G
A
T
T
T
C
T
A
A
a base pair is changed A
G
T
T
T
C
A
A
a base pair is removed A
G
C
C
T
T
T
C
G
G
A
A
a base pair is added
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3
nitrogen base
cytosine
type of molecule that forms the sequence in a strand of DNA or RNA; adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil
adenine
a process when the cell makes a copy of its DNA in the nucleus guanine
nucleotide
structural unit of DNA that consists of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases
thymine
nucleotide nitrogen base sugar phosphate nucleus
nucleus
contains the genetic material (DNA) and serves as the control center of the cell
DNA template DNA template
new strands new strands
ribosome
ribosome
an organelle that helps produce proteins
tRNA
transfer ribonucleic acid; a strand of RNA that carries a specific amino acid and has an anticodon region that pairs with mRNA codon
protein
amino acid tRNA anticodon mRNA codon
transcription
large organic molecules that are made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
the process of using a strand of DNA to make a messenger RNA
mRNA DNA
amino acid chain
translation
protein synthesis the process of reading mRNA to produce a very specific protein
replication
protein
the process of converting the coded information on a messenger RNA to a protein
mRNA © Copyright NewPath Learning
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23
Vocabulary Review allele _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ amino acids _________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ anticodon ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ chromosome ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ codon ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ DNA _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ double helix ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ gene _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ genetic code ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ karyotype __________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ multiple alleles _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ mRNA _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
24
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mutation ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ nitrogen base ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ nucleotide __________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ nucleus _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ protein _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ protein synthesis ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ replication __________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ ribosome ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ tRNA ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ trait ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ transcription ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ translation __________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright NewPath Learning
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25
Assessment Review 1. What is the function of a gene? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Describe the structure of DNA. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Write the complementary DNA strand for the sequence below. TTACGATGGC ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. List the sequence of steps in the process of transcription. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Write the mRNA strand that is produced during transcription of the DNA sequence below. G C T AAC C T G ________________________________________________________________________________
26
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6. What are the roles of mRNA and tRNA? mRNA ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ tRNA ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Name and describe two types of mutations. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Why are mutations important? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Why do you think it is important that DNA remains in the nucleus of a cell? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
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27
Assessment 1
5
2
6
3
7
4
8
28
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9
13
10
14
11
15
12
16
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Assessment Key 1.
A
2.
D
3.
C
4.
A
5.
C
6.
C
7.
B
8.
TRUE
9.
A
10. D 11. C 12. A 13. A - codon, B - allele, C - mutation 14. A - replication, B - transcription, C - translation 15. A - nucleus, B - cytoplasm, C - ribosome 16. A - gene, B - DNA, C - chromosome
30
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NGSS Correlations
INDICATOR
LS3.B:2.
In addition to variations that arise from sexual reproduction, genetic information can be altered because of mutations. Though rare, mutations may result in changes to the structure and function of proteins. Some changes are beneficial, others harmful, and some neutral to the organism. (MS-LS3-1)
Middle School (Grades 6, 7, 8) States: Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Comprehensive) Grade: 7 - Adopted 2013 STRAND
NGSS.MS-LS.
LIFE SCIENCE
TITLE
MS-LS3.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
MS-LS3-1.
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism.
STRAND
NGSS.MS-LS.
LIFE SCIENCE
TITLE
MS-LS3.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
MS-LS3.DCI.
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Disciplinary Core Ideas
ELEMENT
LS3.A:
Inheritance of Traits
INDICATOR
LS3.A:1.
Genes are located in the chromosomes of cells, with each chromosome pair containing two variants of each of many distinct genes. Each distinct gene chiefly controls the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of the individual. Changes (mutations) to genes can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits. (MS-LS3-1)
STRAND
NGSS.MS-LS.
LIFE SCIENCE
TITLE
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits - Students who demonstrate MS-LS3. Disciplinary Core Ideas MS-LS3.DCI. understanding can: Variation of Core TraitsIdeas LS3.B: Disciplinary MS-LS3.DCI. In additionoftoTraits variations that arise from sexual reproduction, genetic LS3.B:2. Variation LS3.B: information can be altered because of mutations. Though rare, mutations In addition from and sexual reproduction, genetic LS3.B:2. may result to in variations changes tothat thearise structure function of proteins. Some information be altered because of mutations. rare, changes arecan beneficial, others harmful, and someThough neutral to themutations may result (MS-LS3-1) in changes to the structure and function of proteins. Some organism. changes are beneficial, others harmful, and some neutral to the Grade: 8 - Adopted 2013 (MS-LS3-1) organism. LIFE SCIENCE NGSS.MS-LS. MS-LS3.
TITLE PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION ELEMENT PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION INDICATOR ELEMENT INDICATOR
High Grade: School (Grade 9) 9 - Adopted 2013
STRAND TITLE STRAND
MS-LS3. NGSS.HS-LS.
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits - Students who demonstrate LIFE SCIENCE understanding can: From Molecules Structures Processes - Students who Develop and usetoa Organisms: model to describe why and structural changes to genes demonstrate understanding can: (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result Construct explanation based effects on evidence how theand structure of of DNA in harmful,an beneficial, or neutral to thefor structure function determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential the organism. functions of life through systems of specialized cells. LIFE SCIENCE LIFE SCIENCE Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits - Students who demonstrate From Moleculescan: to Organisms: Structures and Processes - Students who understanding demonstrate understanding can: Disciplinary Core Ideas Disciplinary Core Ideas Inheritance of Traits Structure and Function Genes are located in the chromosomes of cells, with each chromosome All containtwo genetic information form of DNA molecules. Genes paircells containing variants of each in of the many distinct genes. Each distinct are regions the DNA contain the instructions that code gene chieflyincontrols thethat production of specific proteins, whichfor in the turn formation proteins, carry Changes out most of the work of affects theoftraits of thewhich individual. (mutations) to cells. genes(HS-LS1can 1) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Ideacan is also addressed by HS-LS3-1.) result in changes to proteins, which affect the structures and
TITLE PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-LS1. MS-LS3-1.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-LS1-1.
STRAND STRAND TITLE TITLE
NGSS.MS-LS. NGSS.HS-LS. MS-LS3. HS-LS1.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION ELEMENT ELEMENT INDICATOR INDICATOR
MS-LS3.DCI. HS-LS1.DCI. LS3.A: LS1.A: LS3.A:1. LS1.A:2.
STRAND
NGSS.HS-LS.
STRAND TITLE
NGSS.MS-LS. HS-LS1.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-LS1.DCI.
LIFE SCIENCE From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Disciplinary Core Ideas
ELEMENT
LS1.C:
Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms
INDICATOR
LS1.C:2.
The sugar molecules thus formed contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: their hydrocarbon backbones are used to make amino acids and other carbon-based molecules that can be assembled into larger molecules www.newpathlearning.com (such as proteins or DNA), used for example to form new cells. (HS-LS16)
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functions of the organism and thereby change traits. (MS-LS3-1) LIFE SCIENCE
31
are regions in the DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation of proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells. (HS-LS11) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by HS-LS3-1.)
NGSS Correlations
STRAND
NGSS.HS-LS.
LIFE SCIENCE
TITLE
HS-LS1.
From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Disciplinary Core Ideas
High HS-LS1.DCI. School (Grade 9) continued
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
LS1.C:
Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms
INDICATOR
LS1.C:2.
The sugar molecules thus formed contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: their hydrocarbon backbones are used to make amino acids and other carbon-based molecules that can be assembled into larger molecules (such as proteins or DNA), used for example to form new cells. (HS-LS16)
STRAND
NGSS.HS-LS.
LIFE SCIENCE
TITLE
HS-LS3.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-LS3-1.
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Ask questions to clarify relationships about the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits passed from parents to offspring.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-LS3-2.
Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations may result from: (1) new genetic combinations through meiosis, (2) viable errors occurring during replication, and/or (3) mutations caused by environmental factors.
STRAND
NGSS.HS-LS.
LIFE SCIENCE
TITLE
HS-LS3.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-LS3.DCI.
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Disciplinary Core Ideas
ELEMENT
LS1.A:
Structure and Function
INDICATOR
LS1.A:1.
All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules. Genes are regions in the DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation of proteins. (secondary to HS-LS3-1) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by HS-LS1-1.)
STRAND
NGSS.HS-LS.
LIFE SCIENCE
TITLE
HS-LS3.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-LS3.DCI.
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Disciplinary Core Ideas
ELEMENT
LS3.A:
Inheritance of Traits
INDICATOR
LS3.A:1.
Each chromosome consists of a single very long DNA molecule, and each gene on the chromosome is a particular segment of that DNA. The instructions for forming species’ characteristics are carried in DNA. All cells in an organism have the same genetic content, but the genes used (expressed) by the cell may be regulated in different ways. Not all DNA codes for a protein; some segments of DNA are involved in regulatory or structural functions, and some have no as-yet known function. (HS-LS31)
STRAND
NGSS.HS-LS.
LIFE SCIENCE
TITLE
HS-LS3.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-LS3.DCI.
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits - Students who demonstrate understanding can: Disciplinary Core Ideas
ELEMENT
LS3.B:
Variation of Traits
INDICATOR
LS3.B:1.
In sexual reproduction, chromosomes can sometimes swap sections during the process of meiosis (cell division), thereby creating new genetic combinations and thus more genetic variation. Although DNA replication is tightly regulated and remarkably accurate, errors do occur and result in mutations, which are also a source of genetic variation. Environmental factors can also cause mutations in genes, and viable mutations are inherited. (HS-LS3-2)
INDICATOR
LS3.B:2.
Environmental factors also affect expression of traits, and hence affect the probability of occurrences of traits in a population. Thus the variation and distribution of traits observed depends on both genetic and environmental factors. (HS-LS3-2), (HS-LS3-3)
ELEMENT
32
Earthquakes Multimedia Lesson (10) © Copyright NewPath Learning www.newpathlearning.com Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Comprehensive)
Chromosomes, Genes & DNA
Learning Guide
About the Learning Guide Series...
Each comprehensive student learning guide listed below, includes self-directed readings, easy-to-follow illustrated explanations, guiding questions, inquiry-based activities, a lab investigation, key vocabulary review and assessment review questions, along with a post-test.
Titles in the Series Include: Life Science:
1. All About Cells 2. Osmosis and Diffusion: Cell Transport 3. Mitosis: Cell Growth and Division 4. Photosynthesis and Respiration 5. Six Kingdoms of Life 6. Protists: Pond Microlife 7. Food Chains and Webs 8. Meiosis 9. Chromosomes, Genes and DNA 10. Genetics: The Study of Heredity
Human Biology: 1. 2. 3.
Moving and Controlling the Body Providing Fuel and Protection Maintaining Life – Protection, Reproduction & Cooperation
Earth Science:
1. Our Solar System 2. The Sun-Earth-Moon System 3. Plate Tectonics 4. Earthquakes 5. Earth’s Atmosphere and Weather 6. Earth’s Climate 7. Minerals 8. Rocks 9. Volcanoes 10. Earth’s Surface
Physical Science: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Properties and States of Matter Atoms and Chemical Bonding Elements and the Periodic Table Chemical Reactions Forces and Motion Electricity and Magnetism Energy: Forms and Changes
8. Work, Power and Simple Machines 9. All About Sound 10. All About Light
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