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9 Formulations and Equipment for Large Volume Pheromone Applications by Aircraft A . F . K Y D O N I E U S , J. M. G I L L E S P I E , M . W . B A R R Y , and J . Hercon Division, Health-Chem Corporation, New York, NY 10010
WELCH—
T. J . H E N N E B E R R Y — U . S . Dept. of Agriculture, Western Cotton Research Laboratory, Phoenix, AZ 85040
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B . A . L E O N H A R D T — U . S . Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has issued Registrations and Experimental Use Permits for seven Hercon controlled release pheromone formulations of Disrupt (flake) for population suppression by mating disruption of pink bollworm, gypsy moth, western pineshoot borer, peachtree borer, spruce budworm, artichoke plume moth, and tobacco budworm. Application rates range from 13 to 220 grams of flakes/acre with 1.5 to 10 grams pheromone (active ingredient) /acre, flake sizes from 1/32 to 1/4 inch, and duration of effectiveness from 2 weeks to 4 months. Special equipment was designed to apply all of the flake sizes from aircraft at any rate from 10 to 300 grams/acre. The equipment features ease of application, 300-acre capacity/mission, and quick clean-up and turnaround, all of which are c r i t i c a l for commercial acceptance. Acrylic emulsion stickers, compatible with the dispensing machinery, were developed for use with the flake; the stickers do not appreciably alter pheromone release rates. Illustrations of mating disruption are presented. D u r i n g t h e p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s , t h e r e h a v e b e e n numerous r e p o r t s d e s c r i b i n g the d i s r u p t i o n o f mating o f important insect p e s t s by p e r m e a t i n g t h e a i r w i t h m i n u t e amounts o f pheromone. In t h i s approach, pheromone-emitting p a r t i c u l a t e s a r e broadcast o n t o c r o p s r e q u i r i n g p r o t e c t i o n f r o m i n s e c t s ; t h e pheromone e n t e r s t h e a t m o s p h e r e a b o v e t h e c r o p , a n d i n s e c t s f i n d thems e l v e s u n a b l e t o f o l l o w t h e pheromone t r a i l s t h a t n o r m a l l y l e a d them t o a mate. The r e s u l t : a s h a r p d r o p i n m a t i n g , g r e a t l y reduced r e p r o d u c t i o n , and fewer o f t h e i n s e c t p e s t s t o contend with i n the future.
0097-6156/82/0190-0175$06.00/0 © 1982 American Chemical Society
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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The a d v a n t a g e s o f t h i s t e c h n i q u e , when p r o p e r l y u s e d , a r e impressive. Pheromones a r e g e n e r a l l y n o n t o x i c and o n l y s m a l l amounts p e r u n i t a r e a a r e r e q u i r e d . W i t h p h e r o m o n e s , l e s s i n s e c t i c i d e i s n e e d e d t o manage i n s e c t p e s t p o p u l a t i o n s , t h e r e b y d e c r e a s i n g i n s e c t i c i d e c o s t s and r e d u c i n g i n s e c t i c i d e r e s i d u e s t o a minimum. P e r h a p s e v e n more i m p o r t a n t , t h e d e c r e a s e d l e v e l of i n s e c t i c i d e r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n c o n t r o l p e r m i t s the benef i c i a l i n s e c t s t o p e r s i s t i n g r e a t e r numbers, a l l o w i n g them t o a s s i s t i n r e s t r i c t i n g the p r o l i f e r a t i o n of the t a r g e t e d i n s e c t species. There are other advantages, too. W i t h lower l e v e l s of i n s e c t i c i d e , w i l d l i f e a r e n o t a p t t o be a f f e c t e d and e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p e s t i c i d e u s e , e.g., g r o u n d w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n and p e s t i c i d e t r a n s l o c a t i o n , w i l l d e f i n i t e l y be diminished or e l i m i n a t e d . The p o t e n t i a l r e w a r d s o f t h i s a p p r o a c h h a v e , i n t h e p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s , p r o m p t e d a number o f c o m p a n i e s t o u n d e r t a k e t h e development of a commercial t e c h n o l o g y f o r a p p l y i n g t h e p h e r o mone d i s r u p t a n t , t h e r e b y h a s t e n i n g t h e day when t h i s i m p o r t a n t t e c h n i q u e c a n be f u l l y e x p l o i t e d a s a s a f e r and more e f f i c i e n t means o f p e s t c o n t r o l . S i g n i f i c a n t f e a t u r e s o f e a c h c o m p a n y s s y s t e m a r e 1) t h e method ( o r f o r m u l a t i o n ) u s e d t o r e l e a s e t h e s y n t h e t i c c h e m i c a l d i s r u p t a n t i n t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e , and 2) t h e e q u i p m e n t and a d j u n c t m a t e r i a l f o r a p p l y i n g the pheromonal f o r m u l a t i o n to the crop requiring protection. I n t h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n , we d e s c r i b e t h e s y s t e m d e v e l o p e d by H e r e o n D i v i s i o n o f H e a l t h - C h e m C o r p o r a t i o n , New Y o r k , New Y o r k lOOlOw 1
The
H e r e o n Method f o r C o n t r o l l i n g Pheromone R e l e a s e
The H e r e o n d i s p e n s e r i s a p a t e n t e d 3 - l a y e r p l a s t i c l a m i n a t e w i t h t h e pheromone i n t h e i n n e r l a y e r (1) ( F i g u r e 1) . I t c a n be f a b r i c a t e d i n a v a r i e t y o f s i z e s and s h a p e s ; e.g., a s s m a l l s q u a r e s g e n e r a l l y f o r u s e a s t h e a t t r a c t a n t i n t r a p s , o r when used as a mating d i s r u p t a n t , as a f l a k e (square or oblong) i n s i z e s r a n g i n g f r o m 1/32 t o h i n c h ( F i g u r e 2 ) . I n c a s e s r e q u i r i n g g r e a t e r r a t e s o f pheromone r e l e a s e , t h e l a m i n a t e may even be g r o u n d t o a powder. When t h e d i s p e n s e r s a r e e x p o s e d , t h e pheromone g r a d u a l l y d i f f u s e s o u t t h r o u g h t h e o u t e r l a y e r s o f t h e l a m i n a t e and i s t h e r e b y s l o w l y r e l e a s e d t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e i n a manner s i m i l a r t o t h a t of an i n s e c t s e c r e t i n g i t s l u r e i n t o t h e a i r to a t t r a c t a m a t e . S i n c e most pheromones a r e p o t e n t , v e r y l i t t l e pheromone i s n e e d e d , and t h e d i s p e n s e r s c a n f r e q u e n t l y c o n t a i n enough pheromone t o l a s t a n e n t i r e s e a s o n . L o c a t i o n o f t h e b u l k o f t h e pheromone i n t h e i n n e r l a y e r o f t h e p l a s t i c p r o t e c t s i t f r o m d e g r a d a t i o n by l i g h t , a i r and w e a t h e r . T h i s f e a t u r e c a n be i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e some pheromones a r e r a t h e r u n s t a b l e ( e . g . , a l d e h y d e s ) , and t h e y h a v e t o be p r o t e c t e d u n t i l r e l e a s e d ,
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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Protective Plastic Barrier
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Active Agent Reservoir Layer
Figure 1. The Hereon Disrupt pheromone dispenser. Controlled amounts of active agent move from reservoir layer to surface and subsequent diffusion.
Figure 2.
Types of Hereon controlled release dispensers. Key: A, sheet; B, strip or tape; C, wafer; D, confetti; and E, granules or powder.
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s have been f o u n d t o n u l l i f y a t t r a c t i o n o f c e r t a i n pheromones (2) ( 3 ) . A key f e a t u r e o f t h e H e r e o n d i s p e n s i n g s y s t e m i s t h e e a s e o f r e g u l a t i n g t h e pheromone e m i s s i o n r a t e f r o m t h e d i s p e n s e r . T h u s , t h e e m i s s i o n r a t e may be a d j u s t e d by v a r y i n g one o r more o f a v a r i e t y o f p a r a m e t e r s ( 4 ) : 1) t h i c k n e s s o f o u t e r l a y e r s o f t h e d i s p e n s e r s , 2) pheromone c o n c e n t r a t i o n p e r u n i t a r e a o f t h e d i s p e n s e r , 3) s i z e ( a r e a ) o f t h e d i s p e n s e r , 4) amount o f f l a k e a p p l i e d p e r a c r e , 5) t h e p o l y m e r u s e d t o f a b r i c a t e t h e d i s p e n s e r , a n d / o r 6) p o l y m e r s t i f f n e s s . D u r a t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s may a l s o be e x t e n d e d by i n c r e a s i n g t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e i n n e r l a y e r o f t h e d i s p e n s e r , i n e f f e c t i n c r e a s i n g t h e s i z e o f t h e pheromone r e s e r v o i r of each f l a k e . In a d j u s t i n g emission r a t e s , the inherent v o l a t i l i t y of a chemical i s taken i n t o account. F o r e x a m p l e , a compound w i t h an 1 8 - c a r b o n c h a i n w i l l v o l a t i l i z e a t a much l o w e r r a t e t h a n a s i m i l a r compound w i t h a 1 2 - c a r b o n c h a i n . S h o u l d we want t o h a v e e q u a l amounts o f e a c h o f t h e compounds r e l e a s e d p e r u n i t t i m e , we w o u l d h a v e t o make t h e o u t e r l a y e r s o f t h e d i s p e n s e r much t h i n n e r f o r t h e 1 8 - c a r b o n compound t h a n f o r t h e more v o l a t i l e 1 2 - c a r b o n one ( o t h e r t h i n g s b e i n g e q u a l ) . H e r e o n I n s e c t Pheromone M a t i n g - D i s r u p t a n t
Products
H e r e o n D i v i s i o n o f H e a l t h - C h e m C o r p o r a t i o n has been awarded r e g i s t r a t i o n s o r e x p e r i m e n t a l u s e p e r m i t s by t h e U.S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency f o r m a t i n g d i s r u p t a n t p r o d u c t s f o r t h e following insect species. Platyptilia carduidactyla A r t i c h o k e Plume M o t h Lymantria dispar Gypsy M o t h Synanthedon e x i t i o s a Peachtree Borer Pectinophora g o s s v p i e l l a Pink Bollworm Choristoneura furniferana S p r u c e Budworm T o b a c c o Budworm Heliothis virescens Western Pineshoot Borer Eucosma sonomana T y p i c a l f o r m u l a t i o n s and t e c h n o l o g y p e r t a i n i n g t o m a t i n g disruptant products d e v e l o p e d by H e r e o n f o r t h e a b o v e i n s e c t s a r e d i s c u s s e d below under t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r e e headings: (Disrupt Flake) Flake (Phero-tac Sticker) Sticker D i s p e n s i n g Equipment As has b e e n n o t e d i n v e r y e a r l y w o r k on t h e t e c h n i q u e o f m a t i n g d i s r u p t i o n w i t h pheromones ( 5 ) , t h e t e c h n i q u e w o r k s b e s t when a p p l i e d b e f o r e i n s e c t p o p u l a t i o n s b u i l d up, e.g., e a r l y i n t h e s e a s o n , o r w i t h l o w - l e v e l p o p u l a t i o n s . Use o f pheromone-mating d i s r u p t a n t s d i r e c t l y a g a i n s t h i g h i n s e c t p o p u l a t i o n s i s n o t recommended. However, i n s e c t p o p u l a t i o n s t h a t a r e a l r e a d y h i g h a r e brought t o low l e v e l s w i t h i n s e c t i c i d e s b e f o r e a p p l y i n g t h e pheromone-mating d i s r u p t a n t . Populat i o n l e v e l s may t h e n be h e l d l o w by c o n t i n u e d u s e o f t h e m a t i n g
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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disruptant. I t i s a l s o n o t e w o r t h y t h a t pheromones a r e n o t u s e f u l i n a l l i n s t a n c e s ; e.g., when t h e r e a r e t o o many p e s t s p e c i e s t o c o n t r o l s i n c e e a c h s p e c i e s w o u l d r e q u i r e a d i f f e r e n t pheromone. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e a r e i m p o r t a n t l a r g e and s m a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l s i t u a t i o n s i n w h i c h pheromones c a n h a v e a v e r y g r e a t i m p a c t . F o r e x a m p l e , pheromones c a n be u s e d a g a i n s t c o t t o n i n s e c t s (6) ( 7 ) , w h i c h r e q u i r e f o r c o n t r o l a b o u t 30% o f a l l t h e i n s e c t i c i d e s u s e d i n t h e U. S., o r t h e y c a n be u s e d a s p a r t o f an i n t e g r a t e d p e s t management p r o g r a m a g a i n s t a v a r i e t y o f o t h e r insect pests.
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Disrupt
Flake
Parameters
Flake parameters are adjusted to provide the proper r e l e a s e r a t e f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s ; i . e . , one t h a t w i l l m a i n t a i n a pheromone l e v e l i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e a b o v e t h e c r o p h i g h enough to d i s r u p t i n s e c t communication adequately f o r the d e s i r e d time ( u s u a l l y f o r t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e i n s e c t m a t i n g f l i g h t o r f o r an e n t i r e season. M u l t i p l e a p p l i c a t i o n s are f r e q u e n t l y needed.). W i t h t e m p e r a t u r e , s u n , w i n d , r a i n , and o t h e r c l i m a t i c f a c t o r s b e i n g v a r i a b l e and i n f l u e n c i n g t h e pheromone r e l e a s e r a t e , *and w i t h t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e t a r g e t i n s e c t t o i t s own pheromone b e i n g g e n e r a l l y unknown, optimum e m i s s i o n r a t e s f o r t h e d i s p e n s e r s c a n n o t be p r e d i c t e d , and one must r e l y on t h e r e s u l t s of a s e r i e s of f o r m u l a t i o n s w i t h a range of e m i s s i o n r a t e s i n small f i e l d t r i a l s to help s e l e c t a s u i t a b l e d i s r u p t a n t formu lation. New f o r m u l a t i o n s c a n t h e n be compared w i t h s u c c e s s f u l ( e f f e c t i v e ) ones i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y under s t a n d a r d i z e d c o n d i t i o n s t o s e e k an i m p r o v e d p r o d u c t ; e.g., one w i t h a r e l e a s e r a t e e q u i v a l e n t t o an e f f e c t i v e f o r m u l a t i o n , but w i t h a l o n g e r d u r a t i o n of e f f e c t i v e n e s s . T a b l e I p r e s e n t s s i z e s and w e i g h t s ( i n t e r m s o f g r a m s / a c r e ) of Hereon's D i s r u p t f l a k e s t y p i c a l l y used a g a i n s t s i x i n s e c t pests. T a b l e I . T y p i c a l f l a k e s i z e s and d i f f e r e n t insect species
Insect
f l a k e weights used
Flake size
Gypsy moth 1/32" Pink bollworm 1/8" W e s t e r n p i n e s h o o t b o r e r 1/8" Peachtree borer 1/8" A r t i c h o k e plume moth V' T o b a c c o budworm V
χ χ χ χ x χ
against
Flake weight (grams/acre)
3/32" 1/8" 1/8" 1/8" V V 1
21 60 48 14 220 90
A c o m p a r i s o n o f s e v e r a l f o r m u l a t i o n s i n T a b l e I shows how f l a k e s i z e and w e i g h t o f d i s r u p t a n t / a c r e a r e v a r i e d t o a c h i e v e
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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a d e s i r e d pheromone e m i s s i o n r a t e . T h u s , t h e g y p s y moth p h e r o mone w i t h 19 c a r b o n atoms i n i t s m o l e c u l e has a r a t h e r low v o l a tility. To p r o m o t e v o l a t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e pheromone, t h e o u t e r l a y e r s o f g y p s y m o t h f l a k e s a r e made t h i n ( e v i d e n c e d by l e s s g r a m s / a c r e o f f l a k e b e i n g a p p l i e d ) , and t h e f l a k e s a r e s m a l l i n s i z e , o n l y 1/32 χ 3/32 i n c h . (The s m a l l e r t h e f l a k e , t h e more edge o f t h e l a m i n a t e i s e x p o s e d , and t h e g r e a t e r t h e e m i s s i o n rate.) The pheromone o f t h e t o b a c c o budworm m o t h w i t h 14- and 1 6 - c a r b o n - a t o m m o l e c u l e s i s much more v o l a t i l e t h a n t h e g y p s y moth pheromone. T h e r e f o r e , i t s pheromone e m i s s i o n f r o m t h e f l a k e i s impeded more by f a b r i c a t i n g t o b a c c o budworm f l a k e s w i t h t h i c k e r o u t e r l a y e r s and a l a r g e r s i z e ( V s q u a r e ) t h a n g y p s y moth flakes. The d a t a i n F i g u r e 3 i l l u s t r a t e a n o t h e r means o f c o n t r o l l i n g r e l e a s e r a t e s o f f l a k e s - by u s i n g d i f f e r e n t p o l y m e r s . T h u s , t h e r e l e a s e r a t e o f t o b a c c o budworm pheromone was l e s s t h a n h a l f as much f r o m an a c r y l i c d i s p e n s e r t h a n f r o m a v i n y l one ( o t h e r t h i n g s b e i n g e q u a l ) .
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1
Phero-tac
Sticker
The a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e D i s r u p t f l a k e o n t o c r o p s c a n be from the ground or from a i r c r a f t ( w i t h the l a t t e r p r o b a b l y being the only l a r g e - s c a l e p r a c t i c a l approach). In e i t h e r case, i t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l f l a k e o r o t h e r pheromonee m i t t i n g p a r t i c u l a t e t o a d h e r e t o t h e l e a v e s o f t h e c r o p upon i m p a c t , a s f l a k e s f a l l i n g on t h e g r o u n d a r e n o t e f f e c t i v e , o r much l e s s e f f e c t i v e , i n d i s r u p t i n g m a t i n g . H e r e o n s P h e r o - t a c s t i c k e r was d e v e l o p e d t o a c c o m p l i s h t h e d e s i r e d d e l i v e r y o f f l a k e s o n t o t h e f o l i a g e w i t h enough " g r e e n t a c k " to cause each p a r t i c l e to s t i c k . The d e l i v e r y o p e r a t i o n r e q u i r e s t h e e x e r c i s e o f s o m e j u d g e ment. F l a k e s a p p l i e d i n a c o o l c l i m a t e ( e . g . , a t 20 C) w i l l l o s e l e s s l i q u i d c a r r i e r i n passage through the a i r than f l a k e s a p p l i e d i n a hot c l i m a t e ( e . g . , a t 35° C ) . The d i f f i c u l t y i n hot c l i m a t e s i s t h a t t h e s t i c k e r on t h e f l a k e may s e t ( o r d r y ) c o m p l e t e l y b e f o r e l a n d i n g and n o t s t i c k t o t h e f o l i a g e . I n c o o l c l i m a t e s , t h e f l a k e s must h a v e enough t i m e on t h e l e a v e s f o r t h e s t i c k e r t o s e t ( d r y o r c u r e c o m p l e t e l y and become w a t e r i n s o l u ble) b e f o r e being subjected to r a i n ( s t i c k e r i n emulsion form w i l l be removed by r a i n ) . T h u s , a p p l i c a t i o n s s h o r t l y b e f o r e a r a i n must be a v o i d e d t o p r e v e n t w a s h o f f o f f l a k e s b e f o r e t h e s t i c k e r s e t s ; e x c e s s i v e l i q u i d i n the emulsion i s l i k e w i s e not h e l p f u l b e c a u s e i t e x t e n d s t h e s e t t i n g t i m e and t h e f l a k e s may f a l l o f f the l e a v e s before the glue s e t s . H e r e o n has c i r c u m v e n t e d much o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d e l i v e r y o f t h e f l a k e t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f n e w l y and s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d e q u i p m e n t and f o r m u l a t i o n s . The e q u i p m e n t , t o be d e s c r i b e d l a t e r , c o v e r s t h e f l a k e w i t h enough o f t h e s t i c k e r l i q u i d a s i t emerges f r o m t h e f l a k e h o p p e r t o r e t a i n i t s g r e e n 1
Q
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
KYDONIEUS E T A L .
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9.
Figure 3. Release rate of virelure flakes from vinyl (Ο) and acrylic ( Q ) Hereon dispensers. Data show release rate of tobacco budworm pheromone.
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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t a c k upon s t r i k i n g t h e f o l i a g e . This process i s f a c i l i t a t e d t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f an aqueous e m u l s i o n o f t h e s t i c k e r . The emulsion a l l o w s t h e water t o f l a s h evaporate i n f a l l i n g through t h e a i r so t h e r e l a t i v e l y i n v o l a t i l e n o n p o l a r s t i c k e r remains on t h e f l a k e and bonds w i t h t h e l e a f . The f l a k e i s m i x e d w i t h the s t i c k e r i n t h e aqueous e m u l s i o n a u t o m a t i c a l l y a t t h e t i m e of a p p l i c a t i o n . T h i s p r a c t i c e a v o i d s t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f e x c e s s i v e l e a c h i n g o f pheromone f r o m f l a k e when f l a k e a n d s t i c k e r a r e mixed before a p p l i c a t i o n . I t i s apparent that i n c o a t i n g t h e f l a k e w i t h sticker> v o l a t i l i t y o f t h e pheromone may be s l o w e d . U n d o u b t e d l y , t h i s o c c u r s t o some e x t e n t , b u t i t h a s n o t been f o u n d t o be a p r o b l e m w i t h the equipment u s e d , presumably because o f t h e t h i n f i l m o f sticker applied to the flake. Table I I presents data i l l u s t r a t i n g t h i s p o i n t w i t h two d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f s t i c k e r , one a p o l y butene and t h e o t h e r an a c r y l i c . Release rates of gossyplure w e r e f o u n d t o be v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h e r a t e w i t h no s t i c k e r a t a l l . T a b l e I I . E f f e c t o f two s t i c k e r s o n r e l e a s e r a t e o f g o s s y p l u r e f r o m H e r e o n D i s r u p t F l a k e aged u n d e r l a b o r a t o r y c o n d i t i o n s
Day
Exposed
No s t i c k e r
0 7 14 24
10.4 7.7 6.4 5.2
2 m g / i n c h r ema i n i n g Polybutene 10.4 7.9 6.7 5.0
Acrylic 10.4 7.1 5.6 4.7
A d d i t i o n a l f e a t u r e s o f Hereon's Phero-tac s t i c k e r t h a t a r e of i n t e r e s t a r e t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l i s nontoxic t o p l a n t s o r a n i m a l s , n o n - c o r r o s i v e , a n d i t n e e d s no c l e a n i n g a f t e r u s e . Dispensing
Equipment
The d i s p e n s i n g e q u i p m e n t u s e d o n a i r c r a f t i s shown i n F i g u r e 4. The s t i c k e r l i q u i d , w h i c h i s i n t h e t a n k shown b e l o w t h e f o r w a r d edge o f t h e w i n g , i s m e t e r e d i n t o a m i x i n g chamber l o cated immediately below t h e f u n n e l - l i k e s t r u c t u r e l o c a t e d behind t h e tank. A w i n d - d r i v e n p r o p e l l e r mixes t h e s t i c k e r and t h e f l a k e , w h i c h o r i g i n a t e s i n t h e f u n n e l s t r u c t u r e , and f o r c e s t h e m i x t u r e o u t o f t h e chamber v i a a s c r e w - t y p e a r r a n g e m e n t t o ward a t e r m i n u s e q u i p p e d w i t h a b l a d e - l i k e a r r a n g e m e n t t h a t rotates rapidly i n f l i g h t . With t h e a i d of t h e s l i p stream, t h e blade dispenses t h e f l a k e s as i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e s . L o a d i n g o f s t i c k e r and f l a k e i s a c c o m p l i s h e d by i n s t a l l i n g i n p l a c e pre-packaged u n i t s o f f l a k e and s t i c k e r , making t h e l o a d i n g o p e r a t i o n r a p i d and e f f i c i e n t . I n saving a p p l i c a t i o n t i m e , t h i s f e a t u r e n o t o n l y r e d u c e s t h e c o s t o f t r e a t i n g by
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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KYDONIEUS E T A L .
Figure 4.
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Hereon flake-dispensing equipment used on aircraft.
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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a i r c r a f t , i t a l l o w s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f l a k e t o be a c c o m p l i s h ed when t i m e a v a i l a b l e f o r a p p l i c a t i o n i s l i m i t e d ; e.g., by weather. F e a t u r e s o f t h e d i s p e n s i n g e q u i p m e n t may be summarized a s follows : E a s y t o i n s t a l l and u s e C a p a c i t y o f 300 a c r e s Lightweight Night operation T u r n a r o u n d o f 15 m i n u t e s Quick cleanup Good f l a k e - s t i c k e r c o v e r a g e F i g u r e s 5 and 6 show t y p i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f H e r e o n e q u i p ment i n d i s p e n s i n g f l a k e and s t i c k e r . Output i n each case i s l i n e a r w i t h t h e d i a l s e t t i n g on t h e e q u i p m e n t , a l l o w i n g v e r y c l o s e c o n t r o l o f t h e amount o f f l a k e and s t i c k e r d i s p e n s e d i n flight. Mating D i s r u p t i o n T r i a l s i n the F i e l d w i t h Hereon f l a k e Examples of performance of Hereon f l a k e i n the f i e l d a r e given below. F i g u r e 7 s u m m a r i z e s d a t a on t h e r e l e a s e o f t h e p e a c h t r e e b o r e r pheromone, ( Z , Z ) - 3 , 1 3 - o c t a d e c a d i e n - l - o l a c e t a t e , ODDA), f r o m a H e r e o n f l a k e o v e r a 70-day p e r i o d . F i g u r e 8 p r e s e n t s s i m i l a r d a t a f o r r e l e a s e o f g o s s y p l u r e (1:1 ( Z , E ) - and ( Z , Z ) - 7 , 1 1 - h e x a d e c a d i e n - l - o l a c e t a t e ) , t h e p i n k b o l l w o r m pheromone sex a t t r a c t a n t , f r o m H e r e o n f l a k e o v e r a 3-week p e r i o d . Emission of pheromone i s r e a s o n a b l y u n i f o r m i n b o t h i n s t a n c e s . F i g u r e 9 shows t h e r e s u l t s o f some 1979 t r i a l s i n A r i z o n a i n which p i n k bollworm t r a p c a t c h e s were determined i n c o t t o n f i e l d s t r e a t e d w i t h H e r e o n g o s s y p l u r e f l a k e and i n " c o n t r o l " f i e l d s ; t h e c o n t r o l f i e l d s were a c t u a l l y f i e l d s t r e a t e d w i t h t h e normal regimen of i n s e c t i c i d e s , i . e . , c o n v e n t i o n a l treatment. D i s r u p t i o n of i n s e c t communication f o r mating i s i n f e r r e d from the low l e v e l of i n s e c t c a p t u r e s i n the g o s s y p l u r e - t r e a t e d a r e a s versus the insecticide-treated " c o n t r o l " areas, p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d a f t e r A u g u s t 3. A more r e l i a b l e e s t i m a t e o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s i s shown i n F i g u r e 10, w h i c h shows t h e damage t o t h e c o t t o n ( e x p r e s s e d a s number o f p i n k b o l l w o r m l a r v a e p e r 50 b o l l s ) i n b o t h t h e g o s s y p l u r e - t r e a t e d and t h e " c o n t r o l " p l o t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e 1979 c o t t o n - g r o w i n g s e a s o n . Damage i n t h e p h e r o mone-treated area i s f a r l e s s than i n the " c o n t r o l " a r e a . (Note: F i g u r e 10 i n c l u d e s a s i m u l t a n e o u s e x p e r i m e n t w i t h t o b a c c o b u d worm pheromone ( v i r e l u r e ) , w h i c h i s n o t d i s c u s s e d h e r e . ) T a b l e I I I p r e s e n t s d a t a o b t a i n e d by e x p o s i n g v i r g i n c l i p p e d w i n g p i n k b o l l w o r m a d u l t f e m a l e s on m a t i n g t a b l e s i n t h e f i e l d s treated with gossyplure at several l e v e l s .
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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KYDONIEUS E T A L .
200
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1000
DIAL SETTING Figure 5.
Typical performance of Hereon equipment in output of Hereon Disrupt flake.
20 h Q Ο û. LU
15h
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
DIAL SETTING Figure 6.
Typical performance of Hereon equipment in output of Phero-tac sticker.
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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INSECT
Figure 7.
Release of peachtree borer sex pheromone from Hereon Disrupt flake.
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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KYDONIEUS
Figure 8.
Release of pink bollworm sex pheromone from Hereon Disrupt flake Key: vinyl, · .
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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120 —
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100 —
•
*
Ζ 80 —
i
α σ 60 Ε =5
40
C
20
ν
I 29
I
I 14
I 19
I 24
I 29
I 3
July
r
I 8
1 13
1 18
1 23
August
Date (1979) Figure 9. Trap catches in cotton fields treated with Hereon gossyplure flake and "control" plots (treated with normal regimen of insecticides). Key: gossyplure treated field (-%-); control field (- · A ' ')>' d date of gossyplure treatment (}). an
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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KYDONIEUS
Date (1979) Figure 10. Damage to cotton by pink bollwarm in gossyplure-treated and "control" plots. Key: treated field (-%-); control field (- · A * '); gossyplure application ( 4 j; and virelure application ( }).
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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T a b l e I I I . P e r c e n t p i n k b o l l w o r m f e m a l e s mated i n t h e f i e l d (40-acre p l o t s ) t r e a t e d w i t h gossyplure a t several l e v e l s . Treatment (grams a . i . / a c r e )
Number o f point sources/acre
Percent matings during night a f t e r treatment 2 13 17
PART I
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Control 1.0 1.5 2.0
—
1830 2750 12800
Part I I Control 1.2 1.5
2200 9600
25 12 0 0
49 44 3 3
57 36 6 21
0
6
16
68 4 16
79 7 33
35 3 12
Suppress3 i o n i n m a t i n g , shown i n P a r t I o f T a b l e I I I , i n creased as the l e v e l of gossyplure i n c r e a s e d t o 1. 5 gram a . i . / acre. The d e c r e a s e i n m a t i n g s u p p r e s s i o n a t t h e 2 .0 gram comp a r e d t o t h e 1.5 gram a . i . / a c r e l e v e l o n t h e 1 7 t h n i g h t may be a s c r i b e d t o d i s r u p t i o n o f m a t i n g b e i n g more e f f e c t i v e w i t h t h e l e s s e r number o f p o i n t s o u r c e s o r t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e s o u r c e . A r e p e t i t i o n of t h e experiment (Part I I , Table I I I ) appears t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e l e s s e r number o f p o i n t s o u r c e s w i t h h i g h e r pheromone c o n t e n t p e r p o i n t i s t h e i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e c o n t r i b u t i n g to t h e g r e a t e r suppression o f mating. S i m i l a r e x p e r i m e n t s have b e e n c o n d u c t e d i n w h i c h i n s e c t damage o r m a t i n g s u p p r e s s i o n have b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d w i t h o t h e r i n sect species. T a b l e I V shows t h a t 7.5 gram a . i . / a c r e was h i g h l y e f f e c t i v e i n s u p p r e s s i n g m a t i n g o f t h e a r t i c h o k e plume moth. T a b l e I V . P e r c e n t a r t i c h o k e plume moths mated i n c o n t r o l and pheromone-treated p l o t s . Pheromone t r e a t m e n t (grams a . i . / a c r e )
Untreated 5 7.5
Percent matings during night a f t e r treatment 1 7 73 20 0
87 22 2
I n a 2 0 0 - a c r e t r i a l i n C a l i f o r n i a c o n d u c t e d i n 1979 w i t h a H e r e o n f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e pheromone o f t h e w e s t e r n p i n e s h o o t b o r e r , D r . G a r y E. Daterman o f t h e USDA F o r e s t S e r v i c e r e p o r t e d a 99.6% r e d u c t i o n i n m a t i n g b a s e d on t r a p - c a t c h d a t a . Percent c o n t r o l a c h i e v e d , b a s e d on i n f e s t a t i o n s p e r 100 t e r m i n a l s , was f o u n d t o be 8 8 % .
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
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A s e r i e s o f t e s t s w i t h g y p s y moths a t a number o f l o c a t i o n s i n N o r t h e a s t e r n U.S., h a v e s i m i l a r l y shown t h a t m a t i n g o f t h i s i n s e c t c a n be s u p p r e s s e d b y pheromone t r e a t m e n t a n d t h a t t h e treatment i s e s p e c i a l l y e f f e c t i v e i n e r a d i c a t i o n o r suppression of t h e i n s e c t i n newly o r s p a r s e l y i n f e s t e d a r e a s . (See c h a p t e r by J . R. P l i m m e r e t a l . ) .
LITERATURE CITED
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1.
2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7.
Beroza, M; Paszek, E . C . ; Mitchell, E. R.; B i e r l , Β. Α . ; McLaughlin, J. R.; Chambers, D. L . Environ. Entomol. 1974, 3, 926-8. Tumlinson, J. H . ; Mitchell, E . R.; Browner, S. M . ; Mayer, M. S.; Green, N . ; Hines, R.; Lindquist, D. A. Environ. Entomol. 1972, 1, 354-8. Beroza, M . ; Gentry, C. R.; Blythe, J . L.; Muschik, G. M. J. Econ. Entomol. 1973, 66, 1307-11. Kydonieus, A. F. in "Controlled Release Pesticides", ACS Symp. Ser. 53, Scher, Η. Β., E d . , American Chemical Society, Washington, D . C . , 1977, chap. 14. Beroza, M . ; Knipling, E . F. Science 1972, 177, 19-27. Henneberry, T. J.; Gillespie, J . M . ; Bariola, L . Α . ; F l i n t , H. M . ; Lingren, P. D.; Kydonieus, A. F. J. Econ. Entomol. 1981, 74, 376-81. Brooks, T. W.; Doane, C. C . ; Staten, R. T. in "Chemical Ecology: Odor Communication in Animals", Ritter, F. J. E d . , Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, 1979, 375-88.
Received March 1, 1982.
In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.
