Introduction to statistical mechanics - ACS Publications

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JOURNAL O F CHEMICAL EDUCATION

tion to the board of directors. The casual reader would gather that research is paying beyond dreams of the average investor, and the dismal fact would be missed that much industrial research is little more than a tax on production, regrettably required to keep the concern in business. It seems to rhij resiea.er that thr grmt problrms assoviared with industrial resmrch todsy sre not in rhr starling and atorking of laboratones hur thev nrle with msturny and wnrmurd prohferation. Directing research, managing research and a research laboratory, and managing (which is to say, placating and restrainins from mavhem) the business heirarchv that owns the labor&l&arr wi'drl? separated mxters, and It is apprrrilttion of a d eonpetancc wrh these that lend to .orrni. I t is to Re hoped tlmt 1)r. lkiffith will t4nlmrxtr thir thrmv in rhc n r t edition. The book is too detailed for the tyro and not seriously needed by the established leader, but it will be read by the latter for the pleasure of comparing notes and by the aspiring laboratory manager for guidance. We recommend the book highly to American industrialists on its merits and because it is one of the few messages that has come to them from outside. K. HICKMAN 56 TSACRERAY ROAD

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XI1 XIV XV XVI XVII

expanded (Brunauer, Emmett, Teller and Harkins, Jura). Osmotic Pressure. Ten pages added on membranes. Thorough discussion of osmometers (8 types using solid membranes and 4 gaseous membranes). The chapter has 64 pages compared to 24. Diffusivity. Twelve methods of free diffusion and 5 diffusion cells described in considerable detail. The chapter has 70 pages compared to 34. Calorimetry. Essentially none. Microscopy. Section on electron microscope added10 pages. Discussion of general microscopy (20 pages) not in &st edition. Crystal Forms. Only small section on symmetry rewritten. Crystallographical Analysis. None. LEALLYN B. CLAPP

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ORGANIC REACTIONS, VOLUME V

Roger Adorns, Head of Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Editor-in-Chief. 13 collaborators. John Wiley B Sons, 446 pp. 64 tables. 15.5 X 23.5 Inc., New York, 1949. v i i i cm. $6.

ROCAEBTER. NEWYOR.:

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PHYSICAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Editedby Arnold Weissberger, ResearchLaboratoriea,Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York. IntersciencePublishers. Inc., New York, 1949. xii 1072 pp. Numerous figures and tables. 15 X 23 om. $12.50.

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IN THE second edition of Volume I of this series of seven planned volumes, five new chapters have been added of which four ~ (1947).) appear in Part I. (For review, see T m s J o u m ~ f i 2 451 These chapters bear the titles: Temperature Measurement, Temperature Control, Determination of Vapor Pressure, and Determinations with the Ultracentrifuge. These chapters were added to "~rovidea more homogeneous and Complete presentstion of the field than the first edition." They are thorough and well done. In the chapters rewritten for the second edition (three) the ceneral -idea. has been to brine the discussion of methods and anparatusinto the hook rather than just to give referenceswhere the discussion might be found. The reader, then, can often make some decision on type of apparatus or method of approach to use in a particular problem without extensive reference to an original source. These chapters are much more useful in the second edition for that reason. A guide for the selection of methods has been added to some chapters which did not have it in the f i s t edition. The principal additions t o the chapters appearing in the first edition follow: ~~~

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VOLUME FIVE of this series contains the followingten chapters: The Synthesis of Acetylenes, by Jacobs; Cyan~eth~lstion, by Bruson; TheDiels-~derReaction:QuinonesandOtherCyclenones, by ButzandRytina; Preparationof Aromatic Fl~orineCom~ounds from Diaaonium Fluoborates: the Schiemann Reaction, by Roe; The Friedel and Crafts Reaction With Aliphatic Dibasic Acid Anhydrides, by Berliner; the ~ ~ t t xeaction, ~ ~by ~ cronme; ~h~ Leuckart Reaction, by Moore; Selenium ~ i ~ ~ Oxidation, by Rabjohn; The Haeseh Synthesis, by Spoerri and DuBois; and The Darzeus Glyoidie Ester Condensation, by Newman and ~ ~ ~ l ~ i ~ , hi^ series of invaluable books is concerned with the scope and limitations of organic reactions. The editors and authors are to be congratulated on holding to a high level of quality. The books have now become standard "equipment" far those interested in of organic chemistry. ,,,tions

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I11 Melting and Freezing Temperatures. Sections on steric relationships from freeaing point curves and relation of melting points and moleculsr constitution. IV Boiling and Condensation Temperatures. More drewines-of and more ~ i e c e sof amarztns dis- ameratus .. .. cussed. VI Density. Use of density for isotope analysis. VII Solubility. A few new references added and one page of text. VIII Viscosity. References to viscometers given in the first edition are described in some detail here. The c h a p t m has 28 pages compared to 14 in the f i s t edition. I X Surface and Interfacial Tension. Pendant drop method added. A discussion of Sugden's Mumford and Phillips', and Gibling's systems for calculating parachor added. X Properties of Monolayers and Duplex Film. Disoussion of determimtion of surface ares. of solids

HENRY OILMAN

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INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL MECHANICS

Ronald W. Gurney, Visiting Professor of Physics, Johns Hopldns University, Baltimore, Maryland. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 268 pp. 59 figs. 14 tables. 16 X 2 3 em. Inc., 1949. vii $5.

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TEE problem of finding a book which can be used as a text for the teaching of statidical mechanics to graduate students in chemistry having the usual average preparation in mathematics is one which most teachers of the subject will probably agree in considering as unsolved. The treatises of Tolmrtn, Fowler, Fowler and Guggenheim, Mayer and Mayer are too advanced for most students of physical chemistry. Tolman's book of 1927 and Rice's book of 1930, both of which were accessible to, and indeed written for, such students are now out of date. Ubbelohde's small opus of 1937 and the chapters on statistical mechanics in Glasstone's "Theoretical Chemistry" of 1944 are helpful but they cannot serve as texts for a complete course on the subject. The situation is similar with the few books on statistical mechanics published in laneuaees other than Enelish. The objertivcui ~urraty'6hrrA is t o chon. that rhr "widrspread hrlief that stotistiral mi-ehrmiw is nrrr.sarily a difficult and abatrusesut>jrctthnt cannot bv prrsmrd in a iorrn artrartive to the

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experimentalist.. . is mistaken." Gurney deserves a great deal of credit for having undertaken such a task and the result of his effort is certainly a most interesting pedagogical contribution. Whether it is an entirely suocessful one will be determined largely by the response of students. After a one-page preface the author presents in the first seven chapters the working methods of stiltistical mechanics without delving too muoh into fundamentals. The quantized viewpoint is introduoed a t the st& in a particularly clear manner and the figures of Chapter 1 are very helpful (note, however, an unfortunate misprint in portion a of Figure 3). The reasoning moves rapidly toward the distribution laws, the partition function, etc. By the end of what is really Part I of the book (the first seven chapters) not only have most of the useful theoretied formulas been established but a certain number of -~~~ imnortant annlient,innr r r ~ - ~ ~ have been treated (particularly in Chapter 7 whioh contains even metallurgical applications). Chapters 8 to 12 might have been regarded as forming Part 11. Here the theory is gone into more deeply, with discussions of the ~ h a s space, e of quantum statistics, etc., being presented. This second part also contains many i m portant applications including some very recent developme6ts. A few problems (sometimes only one) are given a t the end of each chanter. There is an aooendix ineludine three notes on mat,l~emkicdpoints and threet'ables of numerical information, a name index and a ~ubjeetindex. This book may very materially cont.rihute to the wider knowledge of statistioal mechanics and of its connections with chemical thermodynnmics whioh is urgently needed among physical chem.~sr,s. . ~

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u ~ t v n n s m rOP O R E ~ O I ( ~ a a m oo. n ~ a o s

to the metals other than lead, 247 to alcohols, and 214 to phenols and phenolic compounds. I t would be best if in the next edition or reprint the impression that carbon dioxide is a simple asphyxiant be amended. Carbon dioxide is a toxic gas in high concentrations for it . paralvzes the . respiratory center. The chemist and chemical engineer will find this book of value for his work in the fields of industrial hygiene and toxicology. MORRIS B . JACOBS BAOOXLIN,NEWYORI

INTRODUCTION TO THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF PHYSICS -~

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L. HOP&Professor at the Aachen Institute of Technology, trans. lafed by Walter Nef, Professor at the University of Fribourg. 154 PP. 4 8 figs. 17 X 11 om. 1948. v $1.95.

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Tnrs little book, according to the information on its jacket, "does not presuppose any mathematical background beyond elementary cttlculus and is, therefore, particularly well suited for self-study." With this statement the reviewer doesnot agree. The fundamental concepts of vector cdculus and vector analysis are developed in such concentrated doses that, in the opinion of the reviewer, they could not be mastered without considerable outside help by a student who has had but one sear of cslculus. However, he does recommend the book with nd reservations to physics majors in their third and fourth undergraduate years and to graduate students in physical chemistry for its excellent analy s i ~of the power and %Is0 of the limitations of the application of this branch of mathematics to the fundamental problems of mechanics. JOAN A. TIMM

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY, VOLUME I1 Edited bv Frank A. Pattv. Director. Industrial Hvmiene .- Service. ~ e n e r a l . ~ a t o r~orpor&n, s ~ e t r o i t . Interscience ~ u b l i s h e i i GAS TABLES New York, 1949. xrviii 603 pp. 164 tables. 17 X 25 om. $15. Joseph H. Keenan, Protessor of Mechanical Engineering, and Joseph Kaye, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, THISbook is designed to present the topic of industrial hygiene Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachuand toxicology in sufficient detail t o be useful t o all persons in- setts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1948. x 238 pp. terested in safeguarding the health and welfare of working people 64 tables. 19 X 2 6 cm. $5. hv controlline their workine environment. Seven chanters are THISvolume supersedes a previous one by the same authors, devoted t,o inorganic industrid poisons, an entire chapter being given to lead, and twelve chapters, divided into the customary entitled "Thermodynamic Properties of Air." The properties functional groups of aliphatic, aromatic, cyclic, and halogenated of air have been recalculated. Tables hsve been added of the hydrocarbons; doohols; aoids, esters; ketones; ethers and properties of the produots of combustion of hydrocarbons and of glycols; aliphatic and aromatic nitrocompounds; and phenolic the propertics of the constituent gases. Greatly extended tables of functions which are useful in the analysis of the flow of comcompounds, are devoted to orgmio industrial hazards. 111 general, each element, compound, group of compounds, or pressible fluids hsve been included. The values of thermodynamic properties are based upon the atmosphe~iecontaminant is discussed from the points of view of uses and industrial exposures; physical and chemical properties, recommendations of Rossini and his co-workers, published by the aft,en giving constants not commonly found in the literature; National Bureau of Standards. The ideal gas equation of atate, physiological response for both acute and chronic effects and for making possible a one paremotcr tabulation of the properties as different animals a t times given in tabular form; absorption and functions of the temperature, is employed throughout the book. exoretion; maximum permissible limits and odor and warning All of the tabulated quantities are expressed in the English system propert,ies; and inflammability. Almost no analytical methods of units. The aerodynamic functions are based upon the equaare detailed but there are many references to the literature and a tion for polytropic expansion and are expressed for s range of very useful bit of information detailed for many compounds is the values of the expansion index. The amount of useful information contained in this book is relat~ionshipof 1mg./l. of the compound converted to parts of the compound per million parts of air and mg. per cu. m. rtt 25°C. and imposing, and its compilation is evidently the result of an impressive amount of labor. Unfortunately, the tables of the 760 mm. 1x1 the 1;t.d rhrprvr of Is5 p R r 5 rlw rerognitinn and control of thermodynamic properties of air and of the products of combus~wtrutinlimlurrrird w p w n I roniidered. Some 70 indu~trial tion of hydrocarbons take no account of dissociation equilibria, processes are covered with particular stress on battery manu- but assume constant composition for the entire temperature range. This assumption begins to fail a t temperatures of the fncture, foundry operations, and metal-cleaning processes. Proof has been oarefully read. The book is well printed on a order of 1500°F., and the t,abulated values are seriously in error page size somewhat larger than usual, 17 X 25 cm. There are a t the highest temperatures of the table. Since the dissociations over 1500 R ~ C T C ~ C C S126 , devoted to the halogen compounds, 423 are pressure-dependent, the enthalpy a t the higher temperatures ~

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