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Mobile Networking Research Challenges Military Tactical Communications Summit 19–20 September 2012 Dr. Reginald Brothers Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research
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The Wireless Revolution
Military can leverage commercial advances GPS
Wireless architectures and simplifying complexity have yet to realize exponential potential
MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-2
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Timelines for Evolution of Communication
1912
MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-3
1962
2012
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Future Military Mobile Communications Multiple Multi-Hop Networks Commercial Wireless Technology
Military Tactical Networks Have No Fixed Infrastructure
Depends on Fixed Infrastructure GIG
MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-4
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Different Visualization to Highlight Mobile Networking Challenges Comm Link* Node*
Multiple Nodes in Same Vehicle
Multiple Nodes on Same Network
* Color corresponds to waveform
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Challenge 1: Evaluating and Predicting Performance Within a Network 1
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Understanding the Environment is Essential for Accurate Performance Prediction 1 Collect Experimental Data Satcom Link Outages Ground-to-Space, Higher frequencies
Share Data
http:// wnl.ll.mit.edu
The Wireless Networking Library is a free online resource that allows DoD agencies and contractors to share and access data securely
Terrestrial Link Outages Ground-to-Ground, Low frequency
Types of data sets: • Channel characteristics and measurements • Mobility models and data traces Relative Loss [dB]
MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-7
• Network stimulus or traffic
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Performance Prediction Tools Current State Real World Evaluations Network Algorithms
Offline Predictions OPNET, NS2, …
Limited and custom instrumentations
Signal Processing
Relatively mature tools for network and physical layer evaluations. However, very limited ability to investigate interactions among the layers (and these interactions now dominate the uncertainty with mobile networks)
MATLAB, STK, …
Very rarely do offline predictions closely match real operations
MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-8
1
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Improving Performance Prediction Tools 1 Real World Evaluations Network Algorithms
Offline Predictions OPNET, NS2, …
Limited and custom instrumentations
Signal Processing
MATLAB, STK, …
Relatively mature tools for network and physical layer evaluations. However, very limited ability to investigate interactions among the layers (and these interactions now dominate the uncertainty with mobile networks) Mature network emulations that allow for real-time evaluations that include actual network protocol software and accurate multi-user RF propagation effects
Very rarely do offline predictions closely match real operations Develop consistent instrumentation, lexicon, and visualization
Real World Evaluations
Network Algorithms
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IMPROVED VISUALIZATIONS
NETWORK EMULATION
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Offline Predictions
Signal Processing
Challenge 1: Evaluating and Predicting Performance Within a Network 1
To address this challenge, we need to: 1. Understand and characterize the environment 2. Establish better prediction tools 3. Apply scientific principles to measurement and calibration
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Challenge 2: Connecting Across Heterogeneous Networks 2
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Network Research Tradespace
Dynamic Environment
MANET research
2
TARGET AREA Emerging Research Domain
Static Environment
mature e.g. OSPF
mature e.g. BGP
Connections within a Network
Connections across Networks
Established Research Domain Mature Technology
Connecting networks is different than constructing networks REFERENCE: Prior, L.; Fossa, C.; Ward, D.; Jun Sun; Boehm, P.; Kuczynski, E.; Cain, J.; Mak, T.; , "Tactical Network Integration Test Framework," MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, 2011 - MILCOM 2011 , vol., no., pp.2158-2163, 7-10 Nov. 2011 MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-12
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Managing Heterogeneous Networks Router JALN CDL ATOL Link 16
• Different nodes carry different elements
Create framework for managing tactical MANETs:
Router JALN CDL ATOL Link 16 Router JALN CDL ATOL Link 16
1.
Router JALN CDL ATOL Link 16
Switch Router JALN NCW HNW WNW
2. Switch Router NCW HNW WNW
Switch Router JALN NCW HNW WNW
Switch Router NCW HNW WNW
• • Each node has multiple elements to manage MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-13
2
Establish Hierarchical Network Management Architecture based on SNMP Develop standard interfaces ̶ ̶ ̶
3.
Platform level Device level e.g., Radio-to-router interface
Create common schema for managing RF devices, e.g., standardized MIB
Individual mechanisms for managing each MANET device is not scalable
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Heterogeneity Includes More Than Communications Networks 2
DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT
MANET Research
TARGET AREA
STATIC ENVIRONMENT
Mature e.g., OSPF
Mature e.g., BGP
CONNECTIONS WITHIN A NETWORK
CONNECTIONS ACROSS NETWORKS
Mature Technology Established Research Domain
Future Research Domain
Connecting networks is different than constructing networks
RESEARCH AREA
Connecting across functions is even more challenging
REFERENCE: Vian, J; , “Communications and Electronic Warfare Spectrum Operations," LINCOLN LABORATORY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, Apr. 2012. MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-14
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Challenge 2: Connecting across Heterogeneous Networks
2
To address this challenge, we need to: 1. Mature techniques for routing across networks 2. Proactively manage and exploit the diversity of heterogeneous links 3. Investigate approaches for integrating comm., sensing, and jamming
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Challenge 3: Integrating New Communications Technologies
3
Commercial Wireless MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-16
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Leveraging Commercial Solutions for Use in Military Environments 3 • •
Commercial solutions have provided low-cost, small form factor, relatively high data rate, and wireless inter-connectivity to a large numbers of users However, commercial technologies require infrastructure, lack security and robustness and may require modifications for tactical applications, e.g., multicast Modify commercial solutions for rapid yet secure insertion of technology into tactical networks Requires devices and infrastructure: • Towers at FOB, mobile / rapidly deployable base stations along critical routes, connectivity between base stations
Ensure confidentiality and integrity: • Multiple layers of cryptography • Trimmed down OS to shrink attack surface
Deploy infrastructure in a standardized, interoperable, secure, and survivable manner Develop security modules that can rapidly be applied to commercial technologies to increase confidentiality and integrity MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-17
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Tactical Communications Desires and Systems Desired Capability
No
Yes
3
Example
MILITARY / COMMERCIAL
Size, Weight and Power
SINCGARS SINCGARS
Range
Link 16
Ground-Ground Link Air-Ground Capacity Air-Air
HNW
Jam Resistance
SINCGARS, Link 16
Encryption
SINCGARS, HAIPE
Number of Users
Commercial Cellular Commercial Cellular
LPI / LPD
IFDL
Multi-hop Wireless
WNW
Inter-connectivity
Commercial Internet
Refresh Cycle
Commercial Cellular
Adaptability
PRC 117
Cost
Commercial Cellular
CDL CDL
For most desired capabilities there is a system that fits the need However, no one system meets all desired capabilities The challenge is to find a mix that has the minimum number of systems with little duplication and that meets all the desired features MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-18
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Need Improved Tools for Evaluating the Overall Performance of Integrated Communications Equipment
3
Example of potential systems within a unit. What is the ideal mix? Protected Satcom
Total Budget ($)
NCW JALN HNW GATEWAY GATEWAY GATEWAY
GATEWAY
WNW SRW Commercial (multiple networks) Scenario 1 MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-19
Scenario 2
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Scenario 3
Challenge 3: Integrating New Communications Technologies
3
To address this challenge, we need to: 1.
Recognize that multiple communications systems will be employed simultaneously
2.
Recognize that no one solution will meet all communications needs −
Leverage commercial technology where appropriate Modify for added security
−
3.
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Military-specific systems should address capabilities not provided by commercial systems
Create the means for a quantitative evaluation of varying mixes of communications systems
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Challenge 4: Designing Reliable Resilient Architectures
4
To address this challenge, we need to:
1. Leverage multiple physical layers 2. Provide protection at multiple layers of the protocol stack Dom 1
Dom Dom … 2 N HAIPE
Adaptive Routing
Traffic Flow Security Adversary Jammer
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TRANSEC
Modular Network Layer Link Link Link PHY WF1
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PHY PHY WF2 WF3
Operating in Complex Electromagnetic Environments
4
REFERENCE: Bruce McGuffin, Andrew McKellips, Andrew Worthen, Tom Macdonald, "Moderate Time-Scale Dynamic Access with Wide-Area Spectrum Sensors," Trans. IEEE Military Communications Conf., San Jose, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 2010, pp 2339.
Sensor Capability
As spectrum becomes more congested it will be critical to instrument and measure spectral usage
HIGH
TARGET AREA
ideal
LOW
current
cognitive
SLOW
FAST
Response Time (level of comm and sensor co-location)
Mature Technology Established Research Domain
Adversary Jammer Force Protection Jammer MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-22
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Future Research Domain
Spectrum Flexibility and Efficiency Current Systems Extra margin due to open loop spectrum management
4
Future Systems Interference mitigation (TX & RX)
Automatic sharing protocols including dynamic spectrum access
Improved spectrum situational awareness
Pack Better
3 Systems = 3x Spectrum
Systems Share Spectrum Efficient multiple access with automatic, dense spatial reuse and multiuser detection
Use Less Frequency
N users need W contiguous bandwidth in a specific band
Frequency
Directional antennas and MIMO
N users need less power, less bandwidth, and can be non-contiguous across wider bands
users need Wefficient contiguoussolutions bandwidth in aN users less power,of less bandwidth, and Design ofNspectrally that takeneed advantage available bandwidth specific band
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can be non-contiguous across wide band
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Rec Power
Integration of Future Communications and Electronic Warfare 4
Frequency
• Line-of-sight radios are migrating from planned point-to-point, centrally controlled • •
waveforms to mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) with TDMA / FDMA waveforms Fielded active electronic attack (EA) radios attack a wide range of time-frequency slots, disrupting potential adversarial threats The effect of active EA on MANET networks is still not understood Co-site node Neighboring node Subnet Network
• Reactive EA radios can search for potential threats, but receiver sensitivity is limited by communication network emissions
Joint design of communication and electronic attack systems is needed for effective operation in theater MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-24
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Challenge 5: Network Agility & Affordability •
Sustaining network efficiency throughout all real-time demands & conditions requires agility •
•
Network management and control
Standard interface specifications & modular radios promote rapid modernization and P3I •
•
5
Lowers costs & speeds fielding
Factors: 1. Heterogeneous Networks 2. High-Speed Mobile Nodes 3. Rapidly Changing Demands & Surges 4. Dynamic Conditions & Interference
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Challenge 5: Network Agility & Affordability
5
To Address This Challenge, We Need To: 1. Construct Reliable & Scalable Network Management & C2 2. Develop Bandwidth Efficient Routing & Resource Allocation Protocols 3. Develop Smart Terminals That Sustain Situational Awareness Through TerminalFeedback & “Self Healing” Autonomy 4. Design Transparent Hand-Offs Among Multiple Waveforms
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Challenge 6: Integrated, Multi-tiered 6 Cyber Defense Situational Awareness
Response Assuring Effective Missions
Agile Operations
Cyber Mission Control
Effects at Scale
Autonomic Cyber Agility
Cyber Maneuver
Fusion Instrumentation Sensing Observables
Effects Manipulation Controls Actuation
Resilient Infrastructure Trust MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-27
Resilient Algorithms and Protocols
Resilient Architectures
Trust Foundations
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Overarching Cyber Metric
Increase the Adversary to Defender Work Factor Ratio 6 Challenge: Increase Adversary / Defender Relative Work Factor Over Time
–
Kinetic, cyber, and combined missions will have a cyber dependency
• Infrastructure – –
–
Any element of the cyber infrastructure may be compromised and manipulated DoD will continue to leverage commercial products and services we do not own or control DoD infrastructure defies establishing an all-encompassing static perimeter
Goal: Effective, Agile, and Resilient Networks That Deliver Secure and Trusted Communications
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Adversary/Defender Work Factor Ratio
• Missions
Limit time window for exploitation
Limit effectiveness and propagation of malware
Shorten time for adversary reconnaissance
2012
2015
2017
Perimeter is not well defined
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2019
Assuring Effective Missions
Technical Challenges and Research Opportunities 6 Cyber Posture Management
Mission Management Command and Control
Kinetic Posture Management
Mission Model
Data Model
Attacker
Integrated Mission View
Mission Situational Awareness Cyber Mission Control • Techniques for mapping assets and describing dependencies between mission elements and cyber infrastructure • Techniques for course of action development and analysis
• Cyber effects assessment MOBILE NETWORKING RESEARCH CHALLENGES 09/19-20/2012 Page-29
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Closing Remarks • • •
The military can leverage commercial advances in electronics, applications and one-hop wireless systems Multi-hop wireless systems will be critical, but are less mature Focused efforts in the following areas will enable the end vision by complementing and leveraging current investments and Predicting Performance Evaluating and Predicting 1Evaluating Within a Network Performance Within a Network
2
• Environmental characterization • Improved prediction tools • Instrument and calibrate
• Routing across networks • Proactively exploit heterogeneity • Integrate all EM systems
NewNew Communications Integrating 3 Integrating Communications Technologies Technologies
in Complex Electromagnetic Designing Reliable Resilient 4Operating Environments Architectures
• Leverage commercial • Military-specific where needed • Quantitative evaluation of mix
• Leverage multiple physical media • Secure multiple layers • Measure spectrum state • Enable spectrum flexibility
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Connecting Across Networks Connecting Across Networks
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Closing Remarks (cont.) •Multi-waveforms heterogeneous networks are becoming the norm, and must interoperate seamlessly and with reliability and security confidence. •Military communications networks are by definition dynamic, under stress and vitally important. Real-time Situational Awareness drives real-time Command and Control.
5
Network Agility & Affordability
• Network Agility relies on a stable, robust & self-healing architecture & net management • Self-Aware networks can predict and react • Standard Interface Specs & Modular Components • Avoids costly host platform changes & fosters rapid P3I
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6
Cyber & Security Challenges for Real-Time Communications
• Fully integrated cyber defense layers will assure effective missions by • Facilitating well informed decisions that utilize the most precise data • Enabling actions that are executed accurately and successfully
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