Onion

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May/June 2015

ONION WORLD Respected Researcher Retires Internal Dry Scale Strikes Pacific Northwest Onions ONION WORLD

Short- and Intermediate-Day Variety Update

6777 NE Vinings Way #1324, Hillsboro, OR 97124

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Columbia Publishing

ONION WORLD Volume 31, Number 4

May/June 2015 4 8 12

6777 NE Vinings Way #1324 Hillsboro, Oregon 97124 Telephone: (509) 248-2452

www.o n i o n w o r l d .n e t Onion World Contacts

Internal Dry Scale and Associated Bulb Rots: Bane of the 2014 Pacific Northwest Onion Season

Denise [email protected] Editor

J. Mike Stoker [email protected] Publisher / Advertising Manager Patricia Zundel [email protected] Advertising Sales

Utah Onion Association

Utah Onion Association Covers Hot Topics at Winter Meeting

Vidalia Onion Committee

Vidalia Onion Committee Bestows Honors

14 Short- and Intermediate-Day Onion Variety Update

Jeraleh Kastner [email protected] Production / Circulation Manager D. Brent Clement [email protected] Consultant

EDITORIAL INFORMATION Onion World is interested in newsworthy material related to onion production and marketing. Contributions from all segments of the industry are welcome. Submit news releases, new product submissions, stories and photos via email to: dkeller@columbiapublications. com, or call (509) 697-9436.

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A Career of Collaboration and Contributions

For information on advertising rates, mechanics, agency commissions, deadlines, copy submission, mailing, contract conditions and other information, call (208) 846-5955 or email: [email protected]. Or call Patricia Zundel at (208) 2018781 or email [email protected]

SUBSCRIPTIONS Howard Schwartz discusses work being done at the Agricultural Research Development and Extension Center during the 2013 National Onion Association (NOA) Summer Convention’s tour of the facility. Schwartz is retiring June 30. Photo courtesy Kim Reddin, NOA. Story on page 20.

Departments On the Cover Howard Schwartz, seen here checking for thrips and Iris yellow spot virus on an onion plant in 2012, is retiring after researching onions at Colorado State University for 35 years. Photo by Thaddeus Gourd, Colorado State University

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9 10 11

Calendar In the News In the Market

U.S. 1 year $16.00; 2 years $28.00, 3 years $36.00 Canada 1 year $27.00; 2 years $45.00; 3 years $60.00 Foreign 1 year $45.00; 2 years $80.00; 3 years $109.00

Payments may be made by check, Visa, MasterCard or American Express. Subscribe online at www. onionworld.net or call (509) 248-2452. Email address changes/corrections to [email protected] or mail to Onion World, 6777 NE Vinings Way #1324, Hillsboro, OR 97124. Onion World magazine (ISSN 1071-6653), is published 8 times a year and mailed under permit #410, paid at San Dimas, CA 91773. It is produced by Columbia Publishing, 6777 NE Vinings Way #1324, Hillsboro, OR 97124. Copyright 2014. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose without the express written permission of Columbia Publishing. For information on reprints call (208) 846-5955. CHANGE SERVICE REQUESTED Send to: Onion World, 6777 NE Vinings Way #1324, Hillsboro, OR 97124

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Internal Dry Scale and Associated Bulb Rots: Ban By Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University Tim Waters, Washington State University Stuart Reitz, Oregon State University

A

s onion growers and packers in the Pacific Northwest USA examined bulbs going into storage or being pulled out of storage this past season, a common problem emerged on red, white and yellow cultivars: internal dry scale. The top quarter-inch to one-inch of one or more internal fleshy scales had collapsed partially or fully into a paper-thin layer (Figure 1). The incidence of bulbs affected ranged from less than 1 percent to as much as 30 percent. In some bulbs, symptomatic scales were dry and papery. In others, fungi, bacteria and/or yeasts had colonized the internal dead scales, leading to a rot of fleshy scales. Based on many bulbs examined in Washington, Oregon and Idaho, bulbs with internal dry scale symptoms harvested from drip or furrow irrigated crops often were colonized by the fungus Fusarium, particularly F. proliferatum. White to light pink mycelium grew on dead, internal scales and in the cavity around the dry scales (Figure 2). These fungi can cause a dry rot into the fleshy end of scales, which remain dry and rubbery. In bulbs harvested from overhead irrigated crops, or fields irrigated later than optimal for field curing, dead internal scales often were colonized by bacteria. In a few bulbs, internal dead scales were colonized by yeasts. Bacterial colonization can cause a wet rot of fleshy scales (Figure 2). The bacterial rots typically were restricted to scales with internal dieback, and extended partially or all the way to the basal plate. However, in the few bulbs in which internal dry scales were

Figure 1. Symptoms of internal dry scale in onion bulbs of diverse cultivars grown in the semi-arid Pacific Northwest USA in 2014. Photos courtesy Lindsey du Toit, WSU, and Pacific Northwest onion farmers

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colonized by yeasts, a moist rot progressed rapidly between adjacent fleshy scales (Figure 2). The common feature with these bulbs harvested in 2014 was premature dieback of emerging leaves during bulb formation, resulting in internal dry scale. The type of irrigation and other practices largely determined whether dead, internal ends of scales were colonized secondarily by fungi, bacteria or yeasts. Microorganisms colonizing the dead scales are common in soils and can be deposited into the necks during the latter part of the season by splashing water (irrigation or rain) or windblown soil (e.g., Fusarium spores become airborne during cultivation, undercutting or harvest). If dead internal scales stay moist from irrigation, particularly irrigation later than ideal for field curing, the dead neck and upper bulb tissues combined with excess moisture enable fungi, bacteria and yeasts to grow on the dead internal scales. Internal dry scale is observed sporadically in the Pacific Northwest. A common cause is severe iris yellow spot caused by Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV), vectored by the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci. Severe IYSV infection can cause premature dieback of leaves in the bulb neck, even

Figure 2. Colonization of internal, dry scales of onion bulbs by the fungus Fusarium proliferatum (upper left photo: note white fungal growth on the thin, dry scales, with a dry rot extending into the fleshy end of these scales), various bacteria (upper right and lower left photos: note a wet rot extending into the fleshy scales toward the basal plate, to various degrees), and yeasts (lower right photo: note a moist rot extending down the length of the fleshy scales and between adjacent scales). Photos courtesy Lindsey du Toit, WSU, and Pacific Northwest onion farmers

ne of the 2014 Pacific Northwest Onion Season

Figure 3. Severe leaf dieback caused by ris yellow spot virus (IYSV) in a drip-irrigated onion bulb crop (left), and extensive internal dry scale (right) prevalent in bulbs harvested from this field as a result of premature leaf dieback. Photos courtesy Lindsey du Toit, WSU

causing tops not to fall over when the bulbs mature (Figure 3). Drip and furrow irrigated crops tend to be affected more severely by thrips and IYSV than center-pivot irrigated crops. Dry internal scales associated with severe IYSV infections usually are not colonized by bacteria or yeasts, but by fungi like Fusarium since the spores are dispersed when soil is disturbed by field practices.

Why was internal dry scale so prevalent in 2014?

IYSV was observed in the Pacific Northwest in 2014, but many crops that produced bulbs with internal dry scale did not have severe iris yellow spot. However, 2014 was the hottest growing season on record or in the past 60 years for areas of the inland Pacific Northwest (Figure 4). The AgWeatherNet station in Pasco, Washington, recorded the longest period with maximum air temperatures above 90 degrees Fahrenheit (July 1 to July 19), and the two longest periods with maximum air temperatures above 100 degrees (July 12 to 14 and July 28 to 30). Nearly all months during the 2014 season exceeded 30-year averages, but July and August, a critical period for bulb growth, were particularly warm (Figure 4). The Treasure Valley also experienced one of the warmest summers and falls on record in 2014 (Figure 4). Ontario, Oregon, recorded 45 days with temperatures exceeding 90 degrees, including 27 days in July when the high temperature exceeded the historic monthly mean daily high temperature. Temperatures also remained warm into harvest. September 2014 had 20 days with high temperatures above the historic monthly daily mean high temperature, and the first frost did not occur until late October, more than two weeks later than the 30-year average date. Night temperatures also were above average, with minimum tem-

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Onion World • May/June 2015

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Daily maximum temperature (degrees F)

120 2014 100

Pasco, WA

30 year average

80 60 40 20 0

1-Jan 1-Feb 1-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun

1-Jul

1-Aug 1-Sep 1-Oct 1-Nov 1-Dec

Ontario, OR

Figure 4. Daily maximum air temperature (blue line) compared to the 30year average daily maximum temperature (red line) recorded in Pasco, Wash. (top figure) and Ontario, Ore. (lower figure) in 2014.

peratures above the historic monthly low average temperature recorded for 23 to 26 of the days each month from July through October. When onions are exposed to temperatures above approximately 90 degrees Fahrenheit, the plants start to shut down physiologically. They take up less water and the rate of growth of new leaves slows rapidly. Emerging leaves may die. The 2014 heat stress in the Pacific Northwest is thought to be the primary cause of widespread internal dry scale. Heat stress-induced physiological shutdown of onions was documented in the 1970s by J. L. Brewster (Figure 5). Spanish type storage onions grown in the Pacific Northwest are more heat tolerant than cultivars grown in the 1970s, and growers now have sophisticated methods of field curing, post-harvest curing and storage to minimize storage rots associated with such stresses. However, all cultivars go into a state of physiological shutdown under sufficient heat stress, and 2014 had extended heat stress during critical periods of bulb sizing (July and August). Counting the location within bulbs of scales that developed internal dry scale gives an indication of the age of the leaves affected. For most symptomatic bulbs from 2014, internal dry scales were associated with leaves that would have emerged during hot periods in July and early August. Although onion crops need significantly less water during excessive heat, growers in the Pacific Northwest may not have adjusted irrigation adequately during these hot periods in 2014. This may reflect a lack of awareness of onion crop moisture use during such hot conditions. It may also reflect concerns with irrigation management during a year of pending water restrictions in regions of the Treasure Valley. The resulting excessive irrigation probably increased the risk of colonization of dying internal scales by fungi and bacteria common in soils in this region. The widespread practice of excessive irrigation in onion crops in the Pacific Northwest during 2014 was also expressed by widespread problems with Fusarium basal rot (caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.

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Onion World

Figure 5. The effect of temperature on relative growth rate (RGR) of plant dry weight (black circles) and relative leaf growth rate (RLGR, white circles) of the onion cultivar Hygro. Reprinted with permission from Brewster, J. L. 1979. Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums, 2nd Edition. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K.

sp. cepae) and basal plate splitting. Fusarium basal rot is exacerbated by excessive irrigation. Basal plate splitting is caused by wide fluctuations in soil moisture, and is exacerbated by excess nitrogen. Some Treasure Valley growers noted their onion crops had not reached adequate size close to harvest, probably as a result of heat-stress induced physiological shutdown during July and August. As a result, many growers irrigated 7 to 10 days later than typical in an attempt to increase bulb size. However, this dramatically increased the risk of fungal and bacterial bulb rots during storage.

How can growers limit internal dry scale and associated bulb rots during periods of heat stress? There is much we don’t understand about heat stress and physiological shutdown in onions. The phenomenon has been studied extensively in crops like potato since heat stress can significantly reduce potato tuber quality (Figure 6). The primary effect on potatoes is that plants stop growing, and then resume growth after the stress is relieved. The successive growth results in remobilization of starch from tubers to the tops, which decreases tuber specific gravity and, therefore, tuber quality. This may also result in knobby tubers, although knobby tubers may also be associated with irregular irrigation. Potato plants drastically reduce uptake of moisture during heat stress, yet the consequences of over-irrigation only become evident at harvest. As a result, potato growers are becoming diligent about monitoring crop moisture demand using real-time soil moisture sensors to avoid excessive irrigation during hot periods, particularly when tubers are bulking. Research is needed to understand how onion cultivars in the Pacific Northwest are affected by heat stress, particularly if the prediction of climate change reflects more frequent and intense heat stress periods in the future. 2012 was hotter in the Pacific Northwest than the historic average, 2013 was hotter than 2012, and 2014 was hotter than 2013. Real-time soil moisture sensors should be used to monitor crop moisture demand accurately, and to adjust irrigation during heat stress,

particularly in the latter part of the season. An increasing number of onion growers in the Pacific Northwest are using real-time soil moisture sensors, but many stated they are learning how to interpret and trust the output from sensors to modify their irrigation practices. Optimal irrigation criteria vary based on environmental conditions. A useful extension guide on irrigation scheduling in onion crops (Shock et al., 2010) can be found at: http:// ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/18398/sr1097. pdf?sequence=1. Growers are encouraged to scout onion fields during and after heat stress periods to check for symptoms that indicate dieback of emerging leaves or other evidence of internal dry scale. Growers are also encouraged to invite university extension personnel, field representatives or consultants to inspect their crops if suspect symptoms are observed. This will help improve our understanding of the risks and early symptoms of internal dry scale. Careful monitoring

Figure 6. Annual potato growing season quality for the Pasco region of the Columbia Basin, Wash., from 2009 to 2014 based on the effect of temperature on potato tuber quality. Potato tuber quality declines during heat stress, e.g., from early July to mid-August in each of 2009, 2013 and 2014. Reproduced with permission from Dr. Bill Dean, River Point Farms, Irrigon, Ore.

of crop moisture demand to increase our understanding of onion physiology, particularly close to harvest, will help us develop effective management practices to reduce the impact of internal dry scale on this important region of onion production.

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n o i t n o i a t i a ci c o s o s A s s ion n t A O a h n s Uta o c i i n p O o T h t a t o U ers H ting e v e o C ter M n i W

By Dan Drost, Utah State University

O

nion varieties, crop rotation effects, thrips management and Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) requirements were just a few of the topics covered at the 2015 Utah Onion Association winter meeting held Feb. 10 in Brigham City, Utah. Association President Tyson Roberts kicked things off by welcoming the growers and industry representatives to the meeting and thanking them for continuing to show support for the local organization. The remainder of the morning was filled with informative presentations from a half dozen experts.

Correlation Between Potassium, IYSV Claudia Nischwitz, Utah State University (USU) Extension plant pathologist, provided the audience with an interesting overview of how soil potassium levels influence IYSV incidence and severity. After describing how potassium (K) functions in plants, Nischwitz showed how K levels have been correlated with other plant diseases. “If K plays a role in other plants’ disease incidence, it may also be important in onion,” she stated. “Some of our early studies show that soil K and IYSV incidence are positively correlated.” Nischwitz noted that increasing the soil K from 170 parts per million (ppm) to 360 ppm doubles the percentage of IYSV symptomatic plants. However, further increases in soil K did not change

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IYSV incidence levels. Nischwitz is continuing these studies in 2015 to verify some of the initial findings and to work on understanding the mechanisms of these responses.

Weeds’ Impact on IYSV

Andrew Swain, a USU weed science master’s student, outlined the ways in which weeds in onions impact thrips and IYSV. “Thrips have a wide plant host range, including many different weed species. IYSV has also been found in some of these weeds,” Swain explained. “Therefore, growers need to watch for indicator weeds that can ‘green-bridge’ the disease from one year to the next.” With a grant from Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension (WSARE), Swain is studying how weeds around onion fields impact both thrips and IYSV. Past research has shown that weeds like bindweed, common mallow, flixweed and prickly lettuce all harbor IYSV. Less is known about the possibility of thrips feeding on these weeds, reproducing there, and then migrating to onion fields. Early results suggest all of these things happen, and thus, some effort to manage field borders may help reduce both thrips pressure and IYSV in onion fields.

Onion Videos on YouTube

USU Extension plant pathologist Diane Alston showed the audience

some of the new YouTube onion videos produced as part of the outreach efforts of the USU-WSARE grant. Seven videos were produced about onion farmscape management strategies for pests, optimal crop nutrition and irrigation, and demonstration of sampling protocols for crop and pest management. A quadcopter-mounted camera captured video footage of onion fields. This information is being evaluated to determine crop health, soil issues, weedy field borders, and the interface with adjacent crops that can serve as sources of thrips and IYSV. The videos premiered at the 2015 Utah Onion Association conference and can be viewed on YouTube. Additional videos to be prepared this year will be available later in 2015.

Summer Field Tour Plans In addition to listening to the prepared presentations, attendees found plenty of time to talk with seed and equipment company representatives. The meeting ended with the association’s annual business meeting, followed by lunch. During the business meeting, the date for the Utah Onion Association summer field tour was set for Aug. 11, 2015 from 8 a.m. to noon in Box Elder County. For more information on the summer field tour, contact Dan Drost at dan.drost@ usu.edu.

Calendar June 10-13 United Fresh 2015, McCormick Place Convention Center, Chicago, Ill. Visit www. unitedfresh.org.

Convention Center, Kennewick, Wash. Contact Sheri Nolan, (509) 5855460 or visit www.pnva.org.

Editor’s Note: To have your event listed, please email the editor, Denise Keller, at [email protected]. Please send your information 90 days in advance.

July 8 Malheur Experiment Station Summer Farm Festival and Annual Field Day, 595 Onion Ave., Ontario, Ore. Contact Janet Jones, (541) 889-2174 or janet.jones@oregonstate. edu.

July 15-18

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National Onion Association Summer Convention, The Grove Hotel, Boise, Idaho. Visit www.onions-usa.org.

Aug. 25 Malheur Experiment Station Onion Variety Day, 595 Onion Ave., Ontario, Ore. Contact Janet Jones, (541) 889-2174 or janet. [email protected].

Aug. 27 WSU Onion Field Day, Quincy, Wash. Contact Tim Waters, (509) 545-3511 or [email protected].

Oct. 23-25 PMA Fresh Summit Convention and Expo, Atlanta, Ga. Visit www. freshsummit.com.

Nov. 18-19 Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Conference and Trade Show, Three Rivers

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In the News

Potandon Produce Hires Director of Business Development

Potandon Produce L.L.C., headquartered in Idaho Falls, Idaho, has welcomed Glen Reynolds to its staff as a director of business development. Reynolds brings to Potandon a wealth of experience in both the fresh potato industry and retail sales and marketing. He also has extensive experience in strategic planning and merchandising, and is focused on logistics and supply chain efficiencies. Reynolds will be based out of Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Vidalia Onions to Ship April 27

April 27 is the shipping start date for the 2015 Vidalia onion marketing season, according to a decision by Georgia Agriculture Commissioner Gary W. Black. His announcement follows the recommendation of the Vidalia Onion Advisory Panel, a16-member panel of growers. Growers settled on the April 27 date after discussion focused on historical and scientific data regarding maturity, this year's weather impacts and market opportunity. Vidalia onions shipped prior to April 27 must meet federal inspection requirements and be under “positive lot identification” as approved by the Federal-State Inspection Service. Vidalia onion growers are expected to ship at least 5 million 40-pound equivalents this year.

New Technology to Detect Onion Diseases University of Georgia researchers have developed new technologies, including a gas sensor and imaging methods, to detect postharvest diseases such as neck rot and sour skin in onions. A research team led by Changying “Charlie” Li and Glen Rains is looking at the use of an “electric nose” or “e-nose” to detect the smells of diseased onions in storage. Li’s group also developed an imaging system for quick detection of sour-skin-infected onions on packing lines to potentially reduce the reliance on human inspectors. Another imaging system screens onions with high dry matter content, which has practical value to the onion powder industry. Source: Fresh Plaza

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In the Market

Soil Inoculant Added to BioSafe Lineup

BioSafe Systems has added TerraGrow, a beneficial soil inoculant, to its soil treatment program. TerraGrow is a blend of beneficial bacterial and fungal spores and nutrients designed to promote healthier soil and crops. The formulation restores biological activity after treatments with fungicides designed for soil treatment, like TerraClean 5.0, according to the company. TerraGrow improves plant stress tolerance and vigor while quickly reestablishing beneficial bacteria and fungi populations in and around the root zone. TerraGrow

can be applied through irrigation systems to reduce transplant shock and improve nutrient availability. For more information, contact BioSafe at (888) 273-3088.

Bayer CropScience Announces Product Changes

meant to control botrytis neck rot, botrytis leaf blight, onion purple blotch and white rot.

NNZ Adds Warehouse in New Mexico

Bayer CropScience is transitioning new foliar and soil uses from Serenade Soil to Serenade ASO on its supplemental label. Serenade ASO is used to control botrytis neck rot, botrytis leaf blight, onion purple blotch, downy mildew and powdery mildew. In addition, the company has changed the name of its Serenade Optimum fungicide to Serenade Opti. Serenade Opti is

NNZ, a nationwide distributor of produce packaging, has acquired J&J Supply in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Having a local warehouse stocked with common items used in the onion industry will provide customers in the New Mexico, Colorado and Arizona area with added convenience and cost savings, according to the company. NNZ offers a broad portfolio of packaging materials for onions including mesh bags, poly bags and vented pallet wrap. Visit www.nnzusa.com.

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Vidalia Onion Committee

Vidalia Onion Committee T

he theme “Denim and Diamonds” served as a fitting backdrop as the Vidalia® Onion Committee (VOC) awarded some shiny new hardware to three standout members and supporters of the onion industry at its annual banquet held Feb. 7 in Vidalia, Georgia. With a crowd numbering approximately 250, the VOC announced the Farm of the Year, presented its brand new Service Excellence Award, and honored a Hall of Fame inductee.

Farm of the Year McLain Farms was named as the 2014 Farm of the Year. McLain

Brothers Rusty and Brett McLain, owners of McLain Farms, received the 2014 Farm of the Year award. Photo courtesy Vidalia Onion Committee

Farms is a second-generation family farm owned and operated by brothers Brett and Rusty McLain. McLain

Would like to say...

THANK YOU All of us here at Scottseed would like to thank our growers for their continued support. We look forward to working with you for another successful growing season. Here is to a bountiful and productive 2015 growing season! Todd Clark Columbia Basin 509.832.2620 Larry Chambers Utah 435.230.4667 12

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Walt Scott Founder/Owner 541.473.3246 Ed Harris Willamette Valley 503.559.5232

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Derek Levy (left), a local account manager for Bayer CropScience, was awarded the brand new Service Excellence Award. Photo courtesy Vidalia Onion Committee

Farms began growing Vidalia onions in 1985 with 12 acres. The operation now grows more than 375 acres of onions. “I was honored to present the Farm of the Year Award to McLain Farms who recognizes excellence in quality, production and service to the Vidalia Onion Committee,” said VOC chairman Jason Herndon. Each year, the Vidalia Onion Committee selects a grower or farm of the year based on overall achievement and success as a producer of Vidalia onions with an emphasis on quality production and compliance with Federal Marketing Order No. 955.

Service Excellence Award

The VOC chose to recognize Derek Levy, a local account manager for Bayer CropScience, with the committee’s debut Service

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e Bestows Honors Excellence Award. This award was established to recognize dedication and diligence to the Vidalia onion industry. “Derek Levy has contributed so much time and effort to our industry, the new Service Excellence Award was well deserved as it recognizes his passion, dedication and ongoing service,” Herndon praised.

Hall of Fame

The Vidalia® Onion Hall of Fame welcomed Georgia Sen. Jack Hill as its newest inductee. The Vidalia Onion Hall of Fame award honors a person who has significantly and

positively impacted the Vidalia onion industry. Hill was honored for his work in establishing the Vidalia Onion Research Center. Hill was instrumental in solidifying collaboration among the University of Georgia’s College of Agriculture, the Georgia Department of Corrections, the Georgia Forestry Commission and the Georgia Department of Agriculture. “Senator Jack Hill has long been an avid friend of the Vidalia onion industry. He served for many years as public member of the Vidalia Onion Committee,” Herndon said.

Georgia Sen. Jack Hill was inducted into the Vidalia Onion Hall of Fame for his work in establishing the Vidalia Onion Research Center. Pictured from left: Jason Herndon, Vidalia Onion Committee chairman; Jack Hill, Georgia senator; Bob Stafford, Vidalia Onion Business Council manager; Susan Waters, Vidalia Onion Committee director. Photo courtesy Vidalia Onion Committee

Onion World • May/June 2015

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Short- and Intermediate-D P.O. Box 520 Caldwell, ID 83606-0520 Phone: (208) 459-7451 www.crookham.com [email protected] Salute Salute is a great early- to mainseason intermediate variety that displays a nice golden-brown scale and cuts a high percentage of single centers. This intermediate Spanish onion is a consistent yielder and a uniform producer of jumbo and colossal bulbs. Salute has the upright structure of the Celebrate onion series. Disease ratings: High tolerance to pink root, Fusarium and bolting. Acadia Acadia is an early-season yellow intermediate variety that produces a large and attractive bronze globe onion. Being a Celebrate onion, it also has the upright, grower-friendly structure of this series. Its strong bolting tolerance, high single centers and colossal size make it a good processing option. Disease ratings: High/standard resistance to pink root, Fusarium and bolting. Great White Great White has great yield potential for its maturity of 103/110 days. It has an attractive and luminescent white package with a high rate of

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Onion World

single centers. Being a Celebrate onion, Great White’s structure makes it a grower-friendly intermediate option. Disease ratings: High tolerance to pink root and Fusarium, and is tolerant to bolting. White Castle White Castle has an eye-catching white scale that makes you take note of this brilliant white mainto late-season short-day onion. It also has the erect upright structure of the Celebrate onion series that makes it a grower-friendly variety. Disease ratings: High tolerance to pink root and Fusarium, and is tolerant to bolting. Red Rock Red Rock demonstrates good size with excellent internal dark red color with a high amount of single centers. It has a very good red scale and produces a nice firm bulb that can be stored several months. Disease ratings: High tolerance to bolting. Good tolerance to pink root and Fusarium. Merlin Merlin is a great early- to mainseason short-day yellow variety that produces a firm uniform bulb. These qualities, and the fact that it is a Celebrate onion with the improved plant structure of this series, help to make it a good fit for a short-day program. Disease ratings: High tolerance to pink root, Fusarium and bolting.

1972 Silver Spur Place Oceano, CA 93445 Phone: (805) 473-2199 www.bejoseeds.com [email protected] Alison Alison is a late-maturing short-day onion with light skin and bolting resistance and is very uniform. Works well in New Mexico. Pirate F1 Pirate F1 is a main-season shortday sweet granex developed for the Vidalia market. High percentage of jumbos with good pink root resistance. Red Hunter F1 Red Hunter F1 is a short-day red with good bulb size and low pungency. Deep red color extends to center rings. Well adapted to southern U.S. and overwinter production. NEW/USED WALK-IN COOLER-FREEZER REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS HUGE INVENTORy-ALL SIzES BUy  SELL  NATIONWIDE  AMERICAN WHOLESALE CO. TOLL FREE 877-220-8882 WWW.AWRCO.COM  [email protected]

Day Onion Variety Update Don Victor Don Victor is the latest short-day yellow in the BCSVS onion portfolio. With Grano shape, good scales, heat tolerance, large size and high yield, it is a good choice for late-season plantings.

1200 Anderson Corner Rd. Parma, ID 83660 Phone: (800) 733-9505 www.nunhemsusa.com Vulkana

Vulkana is a very early globe-shaped yellow onion with exceptional uniformity, good yields and strong pink root tolerance. Cured scales are light brown and complete. 150 RM

Dulciana Dulciana is an early, widely adaptable, yellow, globeshaped onion with good levels of pink root tolerance. Bolt tolerance with this variety is very good, increasing its ability to be planted early. Dulciana’s attractive light brown scales along with its mild flavor profile allow it to be sold into the sweet market. 160 RM Serengeti Serengeti is a vigorous, high-yielding hybrid, developed for the early- to mainharvest season. The hybrid shows tolerance to bolting and has excellent pink root tolerance. The bulbs are uniformly large, round and mildly flavored. 165 RM

Onion World • May/June 2015

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Short and Intermediate D Carta Blanca Carta Blanca is an early- to midmaturing white short-day onion with excellent bolt tolerance that forms a bright white bulb. RM 145 Florentina Florentina (NUN 2201) is a short-day white onion with very late maturity, between Texas Early White and Cal 214. Uniformly large, bright white bulbs. Vigorous, healthy tops help shade the bulb toward the end of the season to maintain its brilliant white color. RM 180

very white bulb with a refined neck. Highly single centered.

8269 E. US Highway 95 Yuma, AZ 85365 Phone: (928) 341-8494 www.dpseeds.com [email protected] Cherry Mountain Cherry Mountain F1 is a large, brilliant colored, dark red Grano onion with excellent storage capabilities. This variety produces round bulbs that are uniform in shape with a refined neck. Highly single centered. Ideal for the fresh market. Plant in early spring. Diamond Swan

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Onion World

Diamond Swan F1 is an early variety with good storage capabilities. This variety features a round,

Georgia Boy Georgia Boy F1 is a hybrid, shortday yellow onion. With its very mild, sweet flavor, Georgia Boy F1 is ideal for the production of sweet onions. This seed variety has been a high producer in University of Georgia trials. Medium tolerance to pink root. Mr. Buck Mr. Buck F1 is a hybrid, short-day yellow onion that is ideal for sweet onion production. Mr. Buck F1 features the typical Granex shape with very dense, heavy bulbs. This variety has both good shipping qualities and shelf life. This onion seed variety is later maturing and well suited for CA storage. Medium tolerance to pink root. DP Sweet DP Sweet F1 features a round shape with a small neck and firm bulb weighing 250-300 grams. Very early variety

Day Onion Variety Update with good flavor. Resistant to DM and bolting.

Pinot Rouge Pinot Rouge F1 is a hybrid, shortday, flattened red Granex-type onion in the midmaturity range. This hybrid onion will compete in all flat, red, short-day growing areas. One of Pinot Rouge’s strongest features is its long shelf life. Moderate tolerance to pink root.

root system producing sizes mostly in the 3.5- to 4-inch-plus range. In addition to the agronomic benefits, Rising Sun tests at less than 5 on the pungency rating scale, giving it a sweet, mild flavor. It is suitable for fresh and process markets.

301 Natividad Road Salinas, CA 93906 Phone: (831) 443-4901 Fax: (831) 443-3976 www.takii.com Rising Sun (BZ-55) Rising Sun is an early-medium, short -day onion bred for the Southwest U.S. and Northeast Mexico. Plant in fall for spring/early summer harvest. It exhibits strong bolting tolerance with good sizing (colossal, super colossal), a high percentage single centers with a very nice, uniform globe shape. Rising Sun finishes with tight, thin necks. The onion shows a strong

Hi-Keeper Hi-Keeper is an intermediate, overwintering type jumbo onion with medium maturity. It has a globe shape and is jumbo sized, averaging 11 ounces (320 grams). Growing vigorously with good long-term storage ability, Hi-Keeper is best suited for storage markets.

“If It’s S We Ha eed ve It”

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In Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado: Robert Gobleck • Office: 575-544-0304 • Mobile: 575-644-5712 • Fax: 575-544-0305 In Mexico: Cesar Baeza • Office: 639-473-04-56 • Mobile: 639-465-04-00 • Fax: 639-473-00-20 Onion World • May/June 2015

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Short and Intermediate D T-448 T-448 is an intermediate, overwintering type onion with good sizing, mostly colossal (3.5 to 4 inches in diameter) and firm bulbs. It expresses refined, uniform globeshaped bulbs with strong root systems and good bolting tolerance. The skin quality of T-448 is excellent, and it has small necks allowing for good curing. It is well suited for fresh and process markets in the Pacific Northwest Columbia Basin. Gate Keeper Gate Keeper is an intermediate, overwintering type with medium maturity. Size is mostly jumbo with a globe shape and excellent brown-yellow skin. Long storage ability. Blanca Grande Blanca Grande is an earlymedium, short-day white onion. It exhibits good bolting tolerance with a high percentage of single centers and has a very nice, uniform, globe shape. Good sizing (medium to large), thin necks and good interior white color. Suitable for fresh bag market and value added processor. Adaptability for Southwest U.S. and Mexico.

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Onion World

pink root disease and has also shown some partial resistance to downy mildew and other foliar diseases compared with many other short-day varieties of this type. Samurai has a sweet flavor with good firmness and storage ability. 7 Harris Place Salinas, CA 93901 Phone: (831) 757-2300 or (855) 800-ENZA www.enzazaden.us customer.service@enzazaden. com Cabernet Cabernet is a medium to large intermediate red onion for fresh market or export. With a vigorous plant habit, Cabernet produces uniform globeshaped bulbs of outstanding holding ability and high quality. Excellent internal ring color development combined with single centers and partial resistance to foliar diseases make this variety also a standard for organic onion production. Typical harvest is July through August, offering earliness, firmness and twoto-four-month storability. Madalyn As a very early short-day yellow onion, Madalyn is five to seven days faster than Taipan and has excellent bolt tolerance with large sizes (60 – 110 mm), single centers and skin color. Typically a globe shape, with a bronze skin color and strong upright tops, Madelyn is the variety of choice for the Imperial Valley. Samurai A mid short-day yellow onion with medium to large size (70-110 mm), Samurai has large, globe-shaped, highly single-centered bulbs with good skin retention and excellent yield potential. It has partial resistance to

Francesca Francesca is a pink root resistant, mid to late, short-day, yellow globe onion with excellent top vigor. Bulb size and uniformity is outstanding. In addition, genetically unique firmness allows Francesca to be harvested mechanically under most short-day growing conditions. Gabriella A mid to late short-day yellow onion with a globe shape and large sizes (80-110 mm), Gabriella produces large, attractive, uniform bulbs, which are mild and sweet. Gabriella has good skin color and retention. It is a high yielding variety with bolt tolerance and excellent performance during the mid to late short-day slot. Gabriella is suitable for areas with low to medium pink root disease pressure, especially Imperial Valley and San Joaquin Valley in California. Zoey Zoey is a new intermediate yellow globe onion. It has an excellent round shape and great firmness. Skin quality is outstanding. Pink root tolerance is good, while the bulb quality and centers hold up well under a variety of mid intermediate growing locations throughout the U.S. Zoey is very adaptable to climates and latitude changes.

Day Onion Variety Update Fuerte: Nantes ‡

Uniform shape, strong tops

w18095 w wSerene . s a kDrive ata.com Morgan Hill, CA 95037 Phone: (408) 778-7758 Fax: (408) 778-7768 Quality, Reliability & Service www.sakatavegetables.com [email protected]

SON-945Y SON-945Y is a new mid/lateintermediate onion with a vibrant brown scale and firmness/scale retention that are exceptional for this class. Very uniform for globe shape, has superior size potential, good single centers. Good pink root tolerance. Great Western Great Western is a mainseason yellow intermediate onion. Great Western has good firmness with good skin retention. This variety has strong plant growth with sizes that range from colossal to jumbo.

Ovation Ovation is a late-intermediate yellow that transitions into the long-day Spanish type. Ovation cuts a high percentage of single centers. In the Pacific Northwest and Colorado, it is a true intermediate. In California and New Mexico, this is a good transitional variety. Sweet Harvest Sweet Harvest is Vidalia approved. It has low pungency and high sugars, brown skins with good retention and holds up well under foliage diseases. This onion is grower friendly, adaptable and its thick granex shape will offer good, competitive yields with sizes averaging jumbo. Sweet Jasper Sweet Jasper is a Vidaliaapproved yellow that offers midseason maturity and is grower friendly with good adaptability.

Its thick granex shape with low pungency and high sugars offers good, competitive yields. Its sizes will average jumbo with a very nice tan-brown skin. Sweet Jasper retains its skins with good tops.

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Spanish Medallion Spanish Medallion is a lateintermediate yellow that transitions into the long-day Spanish type. It has firmness, excellent skin retention and sizes that range from colossal to jumbo. It is adaptable and grower friendly.

Onion World • May/June 2015

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A Career of Collaboration and Contributions By Denise Keller, Editor

A

fter researching onions at Colorado State University (CSU) for 35 years, Howard Schwartz is retiring. The research and extension plant pathologist is leaving his post with a long list of accomplishments including playing an instrumental role in research related to Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). However, colleagues, growers and industry leaders say Schwartz has done far more than study onions during his tenure. He has been a mentor and a visionary and has exemplified everything a university researcher should be.

A Collection of Contributions

After earning his doctorate from the University of Nebraska and then working for a few years as a pathologist in a bean production program in South America, Schwartz landed a job at CSU in 1980. His career there has been centered on onions and dry beans. Through the years, Schwartz has studied a wide range of soil-borne, foliar and storage diseases of onion. In the last decade, IYSV has been the most challenging to battle. Schwartz says CSU researchers, among others, have made progress in gaining a better understanding of the virus, its vector and strategies to manage the disease.

“In jest, I would often accuse Howard of discovering another pest issue just about the time he had discovered a remedy for the previous one,” says CSU colleague Mike Bartolo. “The truth is he has been incredibly insightful when recognizing an emerging problem and equally amazing at developing clear and practical strategies to deal with that issue.” To further research efforts related to IYSV and thrips, as well as other insects and priority fungal and bacterial diseases, Schwartz helped implement and served as the national coordinator for the onion IPM Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education (ipmPIPE) project. The ipmPIPE, a national online pest outbreak warning system, has enabled the onion industry to collaborate across state lines and share research and extension resources. Schwartz worked with colleagues to secure funding through the USDA Specialty Crop Research Initiative (SCRI) for the five-year project, which is wrapping up this year. Schwartz was also a primary collaborator in the other two SCRI grants that have been awarded for onion research, according to National Onion Association (NOA)

“Howard doesn’t want any credit, but he usually deserves the most.” - Chris Cramer, New Mexico State University professor

Howard Schwartz (far right) receives an award from Colorado State University Cooperative Extension in 1994. Courtesy photo

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Onion World

executive vice president Wayne Mininger. Mininger credits Schwartz with being ambitious, generous with his time and talent and always serving the greater good. “He exemplifies all that a public servant should be,” he says. “And his work securing grants for research became the poster child of how specialty crop research initiatives should work.” Schwartz is also pleased to have played a key role in forming the W-2008 Committee, a research and extension team set up to address priority concerns affecting the onion industry. In addition, he has been an enthusiastic supporter and participant of the National Allium Research Conference since its inception. He is also proud to have been the lead author of the national Onion Pest Management Strategic Plan.

A Career of Collaboration

Looking back on his career, Schwartz says working with the agriculture industry stands out among his greatest honors. “I’m proud of being able to work with growers and other stakeholders to address their plant pathology and production problems,” Schwartz reflects. “I’ve really enjoyed my career working with the onion industry and growers. I’ve made so many professional relationships and personal friends over the years that it’s really been very rewarding.” Schwartz, a self-described “people person,” has always strived to be a good listener, be accessible and to treat people with respect. The respect he has shown to others is reciprocated by many. “Howard is well respected by growers and scientists around the country,” notes

The National Allium Research Conference honored Howard Schwartz with a Lifetime Achievement Award in December 2014. Photo by Denise Keller

Tim Waters, an area extension educator with Washington State University. “He has the unique ability to lead industry members and scientists. Not many can do either, and very few can do both.” “Howard is so easy to work with,” adds Chris Cramer, a professor at New Mexico State University. “He is willing to take the lead when need be, and he is willing to step back and let others lead. He doesn’t want any credit, but he usually deserves the most.” At the end of the day, Schwartz hopes to have developed a closer interface and strengthened the bridges between the onion industry and the research commu-

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A participant in the National Allium Research Conference (NARC) since its inception, Howard Schwartz (front row, third from left) is pictured with colleagues at the 2008 NARC meeting held in Savannah, Ga. Photo courtesy Kim Reddin, National Onion Association

nity. His efforts in this area have not gone unnoticed by others. “Howard is a unifier of sorts,” observes Kim Reddin, NOA’s director of public and industry relations. “His colleagues respect him because of the kind of person he is and because of the work he’s done throughout his career. The industry respects him because he listens, and he’s earnestly interested in figuring out the problems and sharing ideas and brainstorming solutions with his colleagues around the country.” Because of the strong working relationships Schwartz has built with growers, many onion producers have allowed him to use their farms as a “field laboratory.” He has been a familiar face at Petrocco Farms in Brighton, Colorado, since the early part of his career. From helping farmers understand the science of onion diseases to using his expertise to test disease management technology, Schwartz has been an invaluable resource, according to Joe Petrocco. “He was a catalyst in the growth of vegetable production in this area,” Petrocco says. “I don’t think production would have been the same without his help. I think diseases would have been affecting the markets in a negative way without Howard’s initial research.” Schwartz has also helped address questions at Fagerberg Farms in Eaton, Colorado, many times during the last few decades. “Howard has always been eager and willing to help us with any problem whether it was onions or beans,” recalls farm manager Rod Weimer. “I would like to thank Howard for all his efforts in the past and wish him a happy retirement.”

The Next Chapter Deciding with his wife that this is the right time to start the next chapter of his life, Schwartz will begin his retirement on June 30. “I’ve been able to successfully do a lot of things in my career that I wanted to do,

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and I think it’s time to move on and spend more time with my wife and family and travel and take on some new opportunities,” Schwartz shares. “I’m excited about retirement, but also sad to think about a lot of the working relationships and projects I’ll be leaving behind. It’s kind of emotional.” Schwartz is leaving the onion industry in good hands, he says, pointing out that many talented and dedicated onion researchers continue to work throughout the country. Finding funds to operate his program, however, has always been one of the greatest challenges. Looking ahead, that is likely to be an ongoing issue, he says. He expects the scope of onion research to undergo some changes in the future as universities’ commodity-related research positions become less prevalent. “The onion industry will have to be more aggressive and tuned in to programs at the universities and the USDA to retain the research thrusts that they need to get the job done,” Schwartz advises.

Howard Schwartz explains his latest research in this undated photo from the early years of his career. Courtesy photo

FOR SALE Ishikura Improved is a traditional Japanese bunching onion. It has a

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very long, single stalked white stem. Popular with both the Asian and the U.S. green onion markets, Ishikura Improved is known for its tight green erect tops and dark green color. It has become the standard for green onions in many areas. Seed available raw or film coated. Contact your local dealer.

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Onion World • May/June 2015

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Mechanical harvest of early intermediate onion Camilla in the San Joaquin Valley, California.

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