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Influence of Tectonics and Climate Evolution on Clastic Sediment Source-to-Sink Relationships in the Eastern Mediterranean

Source-to-Sink of the Eastern Mediterranean

Tanin

Aphrodite

Karish

Tamar & Tamar SW

Leviathan

Dalit Dolphin

Noa Gaza Marine

Pinnacles & Mari-B

Spectrum seismic line (Hodgson 2012)

Gardosh et al.(2008) channels (Top Lower Miocene depth map)

The big question... TECTONICS & HINTERLAND EVOLUTION

WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF THE LOWER MIOCENE SEDIMENTS? CLIMATE & OCEAN CURRENTS

The contenders... The Nile The Red Sea Rift Sinai The Levant Margin W. Syria & S. Turkey Cyprus

Landscape and Drainage Analysis of the Eastern Mediterranean

Datasets and processing Stream networks & drainage basins generated from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM)

SRTM 30

SRTM 3

Resolution Focus of study is the Levant Basin • More detail for the focus area SRTM 3 • Analysis of the entire Nile SRTM 30

Filling voids & sinks Voids: areas with no data Sinks: Natural (e.g. lakes, internally draining basins) Data artefacts (usually from areas of steep topography) All must be “filled” to be able to generate meaningful stream networks.

Internally draining areas in Levant Margin Dead Sea & Sea of Galilee Wadi Taiyba & Sirhan Es-Safa Volcanic Cone radial drainage

Drainage patterns

“Drainage systems have a heritage rather than an origin” (Summerfield, 1991)

Antecedent Drainage Potomac/Shenandoah River Confluence at Harper Ferry, Maryland/Virginia

Parallel Drainage

Barbed Confluences

Nyong River, West Africa

Barbed Confluences

Nyong River, West Africa

Barbed Confluences

Barbed Confluences

Nyong River, West Africa

Elbows of capture and wind-gaps I

Elbows of capture and wind-gaps II

Elbows of capture and wind-gaps III

Hypsometry Tana River

Nyong River

River Long Profiles

Orange River

Topographic Derivatives

Low Pass Filter (50 km)

High Pass Filter (50 km)

Topographic Profile Analysis

The contenders... The Nile The Red Sea Rift Sinai The Levant Margin W. Syria & S. Turkey Cyprus

The Red Sea Rift / Sinai

Palaeogeographic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean

Palaeogeography

Danian (65 Ma)

Paleocene: Danian 65 Ma

Selandian (61 Ma)

Paleocene: Selandian 61 Ma

Thanetian (59 Ma)

Paleocene: Thanetian 59 Ma

Ypresian (56 Ma)

Eocene: Ypresian 56 Ma

Lutetian (49 Ma)

Eocene: Lutetian 49 Ma

Bartonian (40 Ma)

Eocene: Bartonian 40 Ma

Priabonian (37 Ma)

Eocene: Priabonian 37 Ma

Rupelian (34 Ma)

Oligocene: Rupelian 34 Ma

Chattian (28 Ma)

Oligocene: Chattian 28 Ma

Aquitanian (23 Ma)

Miocene: Aquitanian 23 Ma

Burdigalian (20 Ma)

Miocene: Burdigalian 20 Ma

Langhian (19 Ma)

Miocene: Langhian 16 Ma

Serravalian (14 Ma)

Miocene: Serravalian 14 Ma

Tortonian (12 Ma)

Miocene: Tortonian 12 Ma

Messinian (7 Ma)

Miocene: Messinian 7 Ma

Zanclean (5 Ma)

Pliocene: Zanclean 5 Ma

Piacenzian (3 Ma)

Pliocene: Piacenzian 3 Ma

Last Glacial Maximum (25-13 ka)

Last Glacial Maximum 25 – 13 ka

Global Palaeotide Modelling results

Acquitanian Tidal Bedshear Stress Maximum Magnitude

Serravallian Tidal Bedshear Stress Maximum Magnitude

Palaeoclimatic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean

Palaeoclimate

Global Palaeoclimate

(22 Ma)

(14 Ma)

Conclusions • NW-SE depositional trend • Margin not Lower Miocene sediment source • Nile and/or Arabian shield most likely sediment sources • Many phases to Nile evolution • Long lived sediment traps on Levant Margin • Consider the regional picture: • Start of reservoir development... • ... and cessation • Climate also has an effect

New Report

Hydrocarbon Maturation and Migration History of Northern Arabia • Co-author: Saad Jassim • 3D basin modelling • History of hydrocarbon expulsion, migration, accumulation, breaching and re-migration in the northern Arabian Plate • Syria • SE Turkey • Northern Iraq

Thank you for your time. Any questions?