UK Air Pollutants - Gov.uk

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UK Air Pollutants Key facts and monitoring data

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Executive Summary The UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data (UKAP) digest is a stand-alone compendium of ambient air-quality information, designed to assist with planning, regulation and management of local air quality. Information in the UKAP may be of use to industrial operators, consultants, regulators, local authorities and local residents groups involved in drawing up permits, managing local air quality, planning regional strategies or analysing trends and variations in air quality throughout the country. The inspiration for the UKAP was the Air Quality A to Z (A to Z) produced by the Meteorological Office in 1995. The A to Z contained a compilation of ambient airpollution monitoring data primarily from the first half of the 1990’s for 249 pollutants. Since then, there have been major changes in UK emissions and the country’s overall pollution climate, while monitoring of certain pollutants has also increased substantially. The Environment Agency therefore identified a need for a new, up-todate compilation of ambient air-pollution monitoring data to assist in its regulation of major industries. The UKAP digest includes monitoring data from 2000 to 2003 on 143 pollutants, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SO2 PM10 and PM2.5 particles Black smoke NO2 CO O3 VOCs Trace metals POPs Ozone-depleting substances Greenhouse gases Acidic substances in rain and aerosol Dioxins and furans PAHs.

For more than 50 of these pollutants, extra information is also included, such as emission trends, emission inventories, air-quality standards, air-quality concentration summaries and plots for 2003, and maps of monitoring sites. The inclusion of this meta-information alongside the ambient monitoring data is unique to the UKAP and is intended to increase its usefulness to users who need a broad introduction to a particular pollutant, or who require indicative air-quality data for scoping purposes. purposes

ii Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

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Monitoring sites in 2003

12 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

Tables with Air Quality Monitoring Data since 2000

UNIT

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Site Type

(see Appendix A)

13 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

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Boxplots

Ambient concentration data for some pollutants are summarised graphically in boxplots. Also known as box and whisker diagrams, these boxplots provide simple graphical summaries of sets of data. The boxplots in the UKAP show the mean, maximum, minimum and inter-quartile range of concentrations in specified data sets, as shown below.

Max Quartile 3 Mean Quartile 1 Min

16 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

3 A-Z of Environmental Pollutants This section of the UKAP includes summaries of ambient monitoring data from 2000 to 2003 for 143 atmospheric pollutants in the UK. The pollutant entries are ordered alphabetically. For 51 of these pollutants, additional information on emission trends, emission inventories, air-quality standards, ambient concentration summaries for 2003, and maps of monitoring sites is included where available, as described in Section 2.2.

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242 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

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243 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

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245 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

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246 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

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247 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

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4 Sources for more information This section of the UKAP provides references and links (in the following table) to sources of more detailed and up-to-date information on: environmental standards online sources of monitoring data information on health effects of atmospheric pollutants trends in UK air quality What’s In Your Backyard (WIYB) (information on Agency-regulated processes in England and Wales)

Air Pollution in Canada Air Quality in Wales

Defra

Environmental Protection Agency – United States Environment Agency European Environment Agency National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory UK Air Quality Archive UK Air Quality Expert Group World Health Organisation

http://www.ec.gc.ca/air_e.html

http://www.welshairquality.co.uk/

http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/

http://www.epa.gov/air/

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/airquality/

http://themes.eea.eu.int/Specific_media/air

http://www.naei.org.uk/

http://www.airquality.co.uk

http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/aqeg/index.htm

http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/WHO/Progs/AIQ/Home/

248 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

References Abbott, J., Stedman, J. and Bower, J., 2005. Review of background air-quality data and methods to combine these with process contributions: technical modelling aspects. Bristol: Environment Agency. Lee, R.G.M., Burnett, V., Harner, T. and Jones, K.C., 2000. Short-term temperaturedependent air–surface exchange and atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes and organochlorine pesticides. Environmental Science and Technology 34 (3), 393-398. Lee, R.G.M., Thomas, G.O., Jones, K.C., 2005. Detailed study of factors controlling atmospheric concentrations of PCNs. Environmental Science and Technology, 39 (13), 4729-4738. Stedman, J., Abbott, J., Willis, P. and Bower, J., 2005. Review of background airquality data and methods to combine these with process contributions. Bristol: Environment Agency. Department of the Environment, 1995. Air Quality A to Z: a directory of air quality data for the United Kingdom in the 1990s. Contract number PECD 7/12/182, June 1995. London: DoE.

249 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

Appendix A: Definition of site classes and other terminology Kerbside (K) A site sampling within 1 m of the edge of a busy road. Sources influences: Examples of objectives:

Local traffic. Identifying vehicle pollution blackspots. Assessing worst-case scenarios. Evaluating impacts of vehicle emission control technologies. Determining impacts of traffic planning/calming schemes.

Roadside (Rd) A site sampling between 1 m of the kerbside of a busy road and the back of the pavement. Typically this will be within 5 m of the road, but could be up to 15 m. Sources influences: Examples of objectives:

Local traffic. Assessing worst-case population exposure. Evaluating impacts of vehicle emission controls. Determining impacts of traffic planning/calming schemes.

Urban Centre (UC) A non-kerbside site, located in an area that is representative of typical population exposure in town or city centres (e.g. pedestrian precincts and shopping areas). This is likely to be strongly influenced by vehicle emissions, as well as other general urban sources of pollution. Sampling at or near breathing-zone heights will be applicable. Sources influences: Examples of objectives:

Vehicle, commercial, space heating. Identification of long-term urban trends.

Urban Background (UB) An urban location that is some way from pollutant sources and therefore broadly representative of city-wide background conditions (for example, elevated locations, parks and urban residential areas). Sources influences: Examples of objectives:

Vehicle, commercial, space-heating. Trend analysis. Urban planning. Traffic and land-use planning.

250 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

Urban Industrial (UI) An area where industrial sources make an important contribution to the total pollution burden. Sources influences: Examples of objectives:

Industrial, motor vehicles. Assessing local impacts on health and amenity. Process optimisation. Source attribution/identification. Providing model input data. Model development/validation. Local planning and plant authorisation.

Suburban (SU) A location type situated in a residential area on the outskirts of a town or city. Sources influences: Examples of objectives:

Traffic, commercial, space-heating, regional transport, urban plume downwind of a city. Traffic and land-use planning. Investigating urban plumes.

Rural (Rur) An open country location, in an area of low population density, situated as far as possible from roads, and populated and industrial areas. Sources influences: Examples of objectives:

Regional long-range transport, urban plume. Ecosystem impact studies. Assessing compliance with critical loads and levels for crops and vegetation. Investigating regional and long-range transport. Identification of ozone "hotspots".

Remote (R) A site in open country, located in an isolated rural area, experiencing regional background pollutant concentrations for much of the time. Sources influences: Examples of objectives:

Regional/hemispheric background. Assessing ‘unpolluted’ global or hemispheric background conditions. Long-range transport studies. Long-term baseline trend analysis.

(Special) (Sp) A special source-oriented category covering monitoring studies undertaken in relation to specific emission sources such as power stations, petrol stations, car parks or airports.

251 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

Pollutant Index 1

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253 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

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255 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

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256 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data

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257 Science Report UK Air Pollutants: key facts and monitoring data