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Reforming Education Reform, by Paul R. Lehman NAfME, October 26, 2014 SOURCES (My specific comment, in parentheses, follows each citation) American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education, Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (Washington: AERA, 1999), 9. (“When test scores are used or interpreted in more than one way, each intended interpretation must be validated.”) Arts Education Partnership, “State of the States: 2014,” A Snapshot of State Policies for Arts Education (2014), 11, accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.aep-arts.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-Snapshot-of-State-Policiesfor-Arts-Education.pdf. (“Forty-five states require instruction in at least one arts discipline in the elementary school….”) Baker, Bruce D., “Revisiting the Age-Old Question: Does Money Matter in Education?” (2012), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.shankerinstitute.org/images/doesmoneymatter_final.pdf. See also Bruce J. Biddle and David C. Berliner, “A Research Synthesis/Unequal School Funding in the United States,” Educational Leadership (2002), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.ascd.org/publications/educationalleadership/may02/vol59/num08/Unequal-School-Funding-in-the-United-States.aspx. See also Gerald W. Bracey, “Debunking the Myths About Money for Schools,” Educational Leadership (1995), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/nov95/vol53/num03/Debunking-theMyths-About-Money-for-Schools.aspx. See also “District Staffing,” Education Week, (Aug. 20, 2014), 5. (“But there’s another factor that’s just as important as how much is spent, and that’s how it’s spent.”) Billmyer, Steve, “New York State Schools Ranked by Spending Per Pupil: Look Compare Any District” (2014) (See Newcomb and Moriah Districts, in Essex County), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2014/05/new_york_state_schools_ranked_by_spending_per_pupil_ look_up_compare_any_district.html?appSession=22936045063575. (“I can cite a school district that spends almost three times as much as another district less than 40 miles away.”) CBS/DC, “Study: No Link Between School Spending, Student Achievement” (2014), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/04/07/study-no-link-between-school-spending-student-achievement/. See also Eric A. Hanushek, “Performance-Based Funding” (2009), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://hanushek.stanford.edu/publications/performance-based-funding. See also Dan Lips, Shanea Watkins, and John Fleming, “Does Spending More on Education Improve Academic Achievement?” The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder #2179 (2008), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/09/does-spending-more-on-education-improve-academicachievement. (“Critics point out that our expenditures for education have increased enormously in recent years while our NAEP scores have not.”) Gewertz, Catherine, “Lawmakers Assert Role in Standards,” Education Week (July 9, 2014), 1ff. (“In another state the legislature has given itself responsibility for approving and revising any proposed standards.”) Goals 2000: Educate America Act, accessed Oct. 16, 2014, http://www2.ed.gov/legislation/GOALS2000/TheAct/index.html. (“In 1994 Congress approved the ‘Goals 2000: Educate America Act,’ which established eight goals for the nation.”) Isaacs, Julia et al., Kids’ Share 2012: Report on Federal Expenditures on Children Through 2011 (2012), fig. 5, p. 27, accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412600-Kids-Share-2012.pdf. (“Our combined local, state, and federal spending that directly benefits Americans age 65 and older totals [$26,355] per capita while spending that directly benefits Americans age 18 and younger totals [$11,822.”)

Kabaker, Jenifer Cohen, “Examining the Data: State Per Pupil Expenditures and State Graduation Rates,” Ed Money Watch (2010), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://edmoney.newamerica.net/blogposts/2010/examining_the_data_state_per_pupil_expenditures_and_state _graduation_rates-36914. (“Other studies reveal a modest but positive correlation between per-pupil expenditures and high school graduation rates.”) Kozol, Jonathan, Savage Inequalities (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991; paperback, 2012) (“But we also have schools that are appallingly bad.”) Mackenzie, John, “Public School Funding and Performance” [2006], accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.udel.edu/johnmack/research/school_funding.pdf. (“A landmark research study by Prof. John Mackenzie has shown a modest but statistically significant correlation between per-pupil expenditures for K12 education and NAEP scores in reading and math…. Mackenzie’s study shows a statistically significant correlation between per-pupil expenditures and SAT scores when adjusted for participation rates.”) National Assessment of Educational Progress [NAEP], A First Look: 2013 Mathematics and Reading (2014), figs 4 and 5, p. 7, accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/subject/publications/main2013/pdf/2014451.pdf, and “The Nation’s Report Card: Science 2011” (2012), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pubs/main2011/2012465.aspx. See also Catherine Gewertz, “NAEP Scores Inch Up in Math, Reading,” Education Week (Nov. 13, 2013), 1ff. (“Here are some sample [NAEP] results.”) National Assessment of Educational Progress, Mapping State Proficiency Standards Onto the NAEP Scales (2011), figs 2, 4, 6, 8; pp. 10-13, accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/studies/2011458.pdf. (“In grade 4 reading 35 states have set their proficiency levels lower than NAEP’s basic level.”) National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, accessed Oct. 16, 2014, http://www.nbpts.org/promotingstudent-learning-growth-achievement. (“The National Board for Professional Teaching Standard knows how to assess teacher effectiveness.”) National Center for Education Statistics, “Public High School Four-Year On-Time Graduation Rates and Event Dropout Rates: School Years 2010-11 and 2011-2012” (2014), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2014/2014391/tables/table_02.asp, and “Averaged Freshman Graduation Rates for Public Secondary Schools, by State or Jurisdiction: Selected Years 1990-91 through 2009-10,” accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d12/tables/dt12_124.asp. (“From 1994 to 2012 our graduation rate slowly crept upward from 71% to 80%.”) National Education Association, Rankings and Estimates: Rankings of the States 2013 and Estimates of School Statistics 2014 (2014), table H-16, p. 57, accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/NEARankings-and-Estimates-2013-2014.pdf. (“As nation we currently spend $11,308 per pupil per year for K-12 education.”) National Education Commission on Time and Learning, Prisoners of Time (1994) (See particularly recommendations I and III), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www2.ed.gov/pubs/PrisonersOfTime/index.html. (“Every student should spend at least 5 1/2 hours a day on the core academic disciplines [including] the arts.”) Peters, Thomas J., and Robert H. Waterman Jr., In Search of Excellence (New York: Warner Books, 1982; Paperback 2006). (“[Peters and Waterman] found that the most successful companies respect their employees and trust them and give them the autonomy they need to do their jobs.”)

Program for International Student Assessment, “Snapshot of Performance in Mathematics, Reading, and Science,” PISA 2012 Results in Focus (2014), 5, accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa2012-results-overview.pdf. See also Liana Heitin, “Global Test Shows U.S. Stagnating,” Education Week (Dec. 11, 2013), 1ff. (“The 2012 data from PISA show that…American 15-year-olds ranked 22nd in reading, 26th in science, and 34th in math.”) Rich, Motoko, “Philadelphia Teachers Hit by Latest Cuts,” The New York Times (October 14, 2014), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/15/us/philadelphia-teachers-hit-by-latest-cuts.html. (“In the past two years the Philadelphia schools have eliminated 5,000 positions.”) Smith, Morgan, “Report Examines How Budget Cuts Affected Texas Schools,” The Texas Tribune (Sept. 27, 2012), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.texastribune.org/2012/09/27/report-examine-budget-cuts-affectedtexas-schools/. (“Three years ago the Texas legislature cut its funding for schools by $5.4 billion, and that fall the state had 10,000 fewer teachers—and 83,000 more students.”) Stringer, Scott M. (New York City Comptroller), “Stringer Report Finds Significant Disparities in Arts Education” (2014), accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://comptroller.nyc.gov/newsroom/stringer-report-finds-significantdisparities-in-arts-education/. (“In New York City one out of every five schools has no arts teachers at all in outright defiance of the law.”) TeachNM, “3-Tiered Licensure System,” accessed Oct. 16, 2014, http://teachnm.org/programs/3-tiered-licensuresystem.html (“New Mexico has led this [tiered licensure] effort with a three-tiered system that provides a stepwise career ladder for teachers and sets minimum salaries for each level.”) Toledo Plan, The, accessed Oct. 16, 2014, http://www.nctq.org/docs/the_toledo_plan.pdf. (“There’s an outstanding mentoring program in Toledo, Ohio, that’s 33 years old and provides a superb model.”) U. S. Census Bureau, Public Education Finances: 2012 (2014), table 18, p. 26, accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www2.census.gov/govs/school/12f33pub.pdf. (“Our per-pupil spending [from district to district] ranges from [$20,226] a year down to [$5,412].”) U.S. Department of Justice, State Corrections Expenditures, FY 1982-2010 (2014), table 2, p. 4, accessed Oct. 15, 2014, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/scefy8210.pdf. (“We’re spending [$28,323] per person per year to keep people in prison.”) Weiss, Jeffrey, “Texas Common Core Solution in Search of a Problem, The Dallas Morning News (Sept. 19, 2014), accessed Oct. 16, 2014, http://educationblog.dallasnews.com/2014/09/texas-common-core-solutionin-search-of-a-problem.html/ (“At least one state has made it illegal to adopt the Common Core Standards.”)